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1.7 - Comparativos en ingls: Reglas de adjetivos y oraciones
En ingles usamos los adjetivos comparativos cuando comparamos dos personas o cosas. Es muy importante conocer las reglas que se siguen para formar los adjetivos comparativos y por ello esta leccin comienza por mostrar la gramtica de este tema.Si recordamos los adjetivos que vimos en el curso de ingls bsico podemos tomar algunos de ellos para que nos ayuden a explicar lo siguiente.Reglas para formar comparativos en ingls1.- Adjetivos cortosPara la mayora de los adjetivos con una silaba (adjetivos cortos), aadimos la terminacin "-er" para formar su comparativo:Ejemplos:small / smaller (pequeo / mas pequeo)cool / cooler (fresco / ms fresco)cheap / cheaper (barato / ms barato)fast / faster (rpido / ms rpido)clean / cleaner (limpio / ms limpio)
Aunque la regla es simplemente agregar "-er" al final, en algunos casos de adjetivos cortos se tienen las siguientes excepciones:a) Para adjetivos cortos que terminan en "-e", solo agregar "-r":Ejemplos:wide / wider (ancho / ms ancho)nice / nicer (agradable / ms agradable)safe / safer (seguro / ms seguro)
b) Para adjetivos cortos que terminan en una vocal y una consonante, hacer doble consonante y agregar "-er":Ejemplos:fat / fatter (gordo / ms gordo)thin / thinner (delgado / ms delgado)big / bigger (grande / ms grande)
c) Para adjetivos cortos que terminan en "-y", cambiar la "y" por "i" y agregar terminacin "-er":Ejemplos:dry / drier (seco / ms seco)heavy / heavier (pesado / ms pesado)happy / happier (feliz / ms feliz)
2.- Adjetivos largosPara muchos adjetivos con 2 o ms silabas, usamos "more" ms el adjetivo original:more + adjectiveEjemplos: expensive / more expensive (caro / ms caro)beautiful / more beautiful (bonito / ms bonito)generous / more generous (generoso / ms generoso)
3.- Adjetivos con comparativo especialAlgunos adjetivos tienen una forma comparativa especial:Ejemplos:good / better (bueno / mejor)bad / worse (malo / peor)
Habiendo conocido las reglas esenciales para formar comparativos ahora podemos adentrar a la estructura bsica para realizar oraciones.
Realizando comparaciones en oraciones afirmativas:Para oraciones afirmativas usamos la palabra "than" despus del comparativo para efectuar la comparacin:Ejemplos singular:1.- Victor is taller than Adrian. (Vctor es ms alto que Adrin)
2.- Marcela is uglier than Karla. (Marcela es ms fea que Karla)
3.- He is more extroverted than John. (l es ms extrovertido que Juan)
4.- Megan is more attractive than Britney. (Megan es ms atractiva que Britney)
Ejemplos plural:1- Those shoes are better than yours. (Esos zapatos son mejores que los tuyos)
2.- Elephants are bigger than tigers. (Los elefantes son ms grandes que los tigres)
3.- The books are more interesting than movies. (Los libros son ms interesantes que las pelculas)
4.- Apples are more expensive than oranges. (Las manzanas son ms caras que las naranja)Como se puede ver en estos ejemplos, en los primeros cuatro comparamos en singular y en el segundo set de ejemplos se vieron plurales, quise ponerlos de esta forma para diferenciar el uso del auxiliar del verbo "to be" en ambos casos: cuando hablamos de singular "is" y en plural "are".Nota: Cuando no mencionamos las 2 cosas no se usa "than":Ejemplos:That book is cheaper (Ese libro es ms barato)My bed is more comfortable (Mi cama es ms cmoda)Those wheels are worse (Esas llantas son peores)These computers are faster (Estas computadoras son ms rpidas)
Realizando comparaciones con less:Hasta el momento se han visto ejemplos de oraciones en las que se hacan comparaciones con "ms", pero tambin es posible hacer comparativos de "menos" anteponiendo la palabra "less" previo a adjetivos largos. En este caso no cambia el adjetivo.less + adjectiveEjemplos:1.- This country is less dangerous than yours.(Este pas es menos peligroso que el tuyo)
2.- Paty is less extroverted than Mary.(Patricia es menos extrovertida que Mara)
3.- The books are less interesting than movies(Los libros son menos interesantes que las pelculas)
4.- Oranges are less expensive than apples.(Las naranjas son menos caras que las manzanas)
Realizando comparaciones en oraciones negativas:En oraciones negativas usamos la forma de negacin en verbo "to be" y la estructura "as adjective as", dependiendo si hablamos en singular o plural.Ejemplos singular: 1.- I'm not as fat as John.(No soy tan gordo como Juan)
2.- Lucy is not as shy as Kate.(Luci no es tan timida como Kate)
3.- Avatar is not as good as Titanic.(Avatar no es tan buena como Titanic)
4.- A cake is not as tasty as ice cream.(Un pastel no es tan sabroso como la nieve)
Ejemplos plural:1.- Scary movies are not as fun as comedies.(Las pelculas de espanto no son tan divertidas como las comedias)
2.- Dogs are not as clean as cats.(Los perros no son tan limpios como los gatos)
3.- Tablets are not as useful as smartphones.(Las tablets no son tan tiles como los telfonos inteligentes)
4.- Cars are not as heavy as airplanes.(Los carros no son tan pesados como los aviones)
Ntese que en este tipo de oraciones no se siguen las reglas del comparativo, es decir, no se cambia el adjetivo a ninguna otra forma sino que se coloca tal como se vio en la lista de adjetivos del curso de ingls bsico.
Para concluir este tema, vase como una oracin puede ser compuesta de ambas formas (afirmativa y negativa) y su sentido no cambia. Por ejemplo, cada par de las siguientes oraciones tienen el mismo significado: Victor is taller than Adrian Adrian is not as tall as Victor
The books are more interesting than movies Movies are not as interesting as books
Titanic is better than Avatar Avatar is not as good as Titanic
Comedies are funnier than scary movies Scary movies are not as fun as comedies
Como complemento en la siguiente pgina se muestra la lista de 50 comparativos ms comunes en ingls, tomados del curso de ingls bsico que este mismo curso puso a disposicin anteriormente.
50 adjetivos comparativos comunes del ingls
Ingls Medio Leccin 1.7 - Comparativos en ingls: Reglas de adjetivos y oraciones - Yes en Ingls 2
Hecho por Alberto Carranza. Ms recursos de ingls en www.IngenieroGeek.com
1. 2. angry / angrierenojado / ms enojado
3. attractive / more attractiveatractivo / ms atractivo
4. bad / worsemalo / peor
5. beautiful / more beautifulhermoso ms hermoso
6. big / biggergrande / ms grande
7. cheap / cheaperbarato / ms barato
8. clean / cleanerlimpio / ms limpio
9. cold / colderfrio / ms frio
10. cool / coolerfresco / ms fresco
11. dangerous /more dangerouspeligroso / ms peligroso
12. dark / darkeroscuro / ms oscuro
13. deep / deeperprofundo / ms profundo
14. difficult / more difficultdifcil / ms difcil
15. dirty / dirtiersucio / ms sucio
15.easy / easierfcil / ms fcil
16.empty / emptiervaco / ms vaco
17.excited / more excitedemocionado / ms emocionado
18.expensive / more expensivecaro / ms caro
19.extroverted / more extrovertedextrovertido / ms extrovertido
20.far / fartherlejos / ms lejos
21.fast / fasterrpido / ms rpido
22.fat / fattergordo / ms gordo
23.funny / funnierdivertido / ms divertido
24.good / betterbueno / mejor
25.happy / happierfeliz / ms feliz
26.hard / harderduro / ms duro
27.heavy / heavierpesado / ms pesado
28.high / higheralto / ms alto (altura)
29. hot / hottercaliente / ms caliente
30. light / lighterligero / ms ligero
31. long / longerlargo / ms largo
32. low / lowerbajo / ms bajo
33. near / nearercerca / ms cerca
34. nervous / more nervousnervioso / ms nervioso
35. new / newernuevo / ms nuevo
36. old / olderviejo / ms viejo
37. precise / more precisepreciso / ms preciso
38. rich / richerrico / ms rico
39. safe / saferseguro / ms seguro
40. short / shortercorto / ms corto
41. slow / slowerlento / ms lento
42. small / smallerpequeo / ms pequeo
43. strong / strongerfuerte / ms fuerte
44. sweet / sweeterdulce / ms dulce
45. tall / talleralto / ms alto (estatura)
46. thin / thinnerdelgado / ms delgado
47. ugly / uglierfeo / ms feo
48. Useful / more usefultil / ms til
49. warm / warmerclido / ms clido
50. weak / weakerdbil / ms dbil Ingls Medio Leccin 1.7 - Comparativos en ingls: Reglas de adjetivos y oraciones Yes en Ingls II
Hecho por Alberto Carranza. Ms recursos de ingls en www.IngenieroGeek.com
1.7 - Comparative English: Rules of adjectives and prayers
In English we use comparative adjectives when comparing two people or things. It is very important to know the rules that follow to form comparative adjectives and therefore this lesson begins by showing the grammar of this issue.Remembering the adjectives that we saw in basic English course we can take some of them to help us to explain the following.Rules for comparative form in English1. Short AdjectivesFor most one-syllable adjectives (short adjectives), add suffix "-er" to form their comparative:Examples:small / smaller (small / smaller)cool / cooler (fresh / cooler)cheap / cheaper (cheap / cheaper)fast / faster (fast / faster)clean / cleaner (clean / cleaner)
Although the rule is simply adding "-er" to the end, in some cases of short adjectives have the following exceptions:a) For short adjectives ending in "-e", just add "-r"Examples:wide / wider (width / wider)nice / nicer (nice / nicer)safe / safer (safe / safer)
b) For short adjectives ending in a vowel and a consonant, double consonant and add "-er":Examples:fat / fatter (fat / fatter)thin / thinner (thin / thinner)big / bigger (bigger / larger)
c) For short adjectives ending in "-y", change the "y" to "i" and add finishing "-er":Examples:dry / drier (dry / drier)heavy / heavier (heavy / heavier)happy / happier (happy / happier)
2. long AdjectivesFor many adjectives with 2 or more syllables, use "more" plus the original adjective:more + adjectiveExamples:expensive / more expensive (expensive / more expensive)beautiful / more beautiful (beautiful / nicer)generous / more generous (fortified / more generous)
3. Comparative Adjectives specialSome adjectives have a special comparative form:Examples:good / better (good / better)bad / worse (bad / worse)
Having known the essential rules for forming comparative Now we can delve into the basic structure for prayers.
Making comparisons: affirmative:For affirmative sentences use the word "than" after comparison for comparison:Singular examples:1. Victor workshop is than Adrian.(Victor is higher than Adrian)
2. Marcela is uglier than Karla.(Marcela is uglier than Karla)
3. He is more extroverted than John.(He's more outgoing than Juan)
4. Megan is more attractive than Britney.(Megan is more attractive than Britney)
Plural examples:1- Those shoes are better than yours.(Those shoes are better than yours)
2. Elephants are bigger than tigers.(The elephants are larger than tigers)
3. The books are more interesting than movies.(The books are more interesting than the movies)
4. Apples are more expensive than oranges.(Apples are more expensive than orange)As you can see from these examples, in the first four compared singular and the second set of examples were plural, I wanted to put them in this way to differentiate the use of the auxiliary verb "to be" in both cases: when we talk about singular "is" and the plural "are".Note: When no mention 2 things "than" is not used:Examples:That book is cheaper (That book is cheaper)My bed is more comfortable (My bed is more comfortable)Those wheels are worse (These tires are worse)These computers are faster (These computers are faster)
Making comparisons with "less":So far there have been examples of sentences in which comparisons with "more" were made, but it is also possible to make comparative "less" putting the word "less" before long adjectives. In this case does not change the adjective.less + adjectiveExamples:1. This country is less dangerous than yours.(This country is safer than yours)
2. Paty is less extroverted than Mary.(Patricia is less extroverted Mary)
3. The books are less interesting than movies(The books are less interesting than the movies)
4. Oranges are less expensive than apples.(Oranges are less expensive than apples)
Making comparisons in negative sentences:In negative sentences we use the form of negation verb "to be" and structure "as adjective as" depending if we talk in singular or plural.Singular examples:1. I'm not as fat as John.(I'm not as fat as Juan)
2. Lucy is not as shy as Kate.(Luci is not as shy as Kate)
3. Avatar is not as good as Titanic.(Avatar is not as good as Titanic)
4. A cake is not as tasty as ice cream.(A cake is not as tasty as snow)
Plural examples:1. Scary movies are not as fun as comedies.(Horror films are not as funny as the comedies)
2. Dogs are not as clean as cats.(Dogs are not as clean as cats)
3. Tablets are not as useful as smartphones.(The tablets are not as useful as smartphones)
4. Cars are not as heavy as airplanes.(The cars are not as heavy as airplanes)
Note that in this type of comparative sentences rules, ie are not followed, not the adjective is changed to any other form but such places as seen in the list of adjectives course in basic English.
To conclude this topic, see as a prayer can be composed of both forms (affirmative and negative) and its meaning does not change. For example, each pair of these sentences have the same meaning:- Victor workshop is than Adrian- Adrian is not as tall as Victor
- The books are more interesting than movies- Movies are not as interesting as books
- Titanic is better than Avatar- Avatar is not as good as Titanic
- Comedies are funnier than scary movies- Scary movies are not as fun as comedies
Complementing on the next page the list of 50 most common comparison in English, taken from basic English course that this same course made available previously shown.
50 common comparative adjectives English
1. angry / angrierAngry / angriest
2. attractive / more attractivesexy / attractive
3. bad / worsebad / worse
4. beautiful / more beautifulbeautiful - more beautiful
5. big / biggerbig / bigger
6. cheap / cheapercheap / cheaper
7. clean / cleanerclean / cleaner
8. cold / coldercold / cooler
9. cool / coolercool / cooler
10. dangerous / more dangerousdangerous / most dangerous
11. dark / darkerdark / darker
12. Deep / deeperdeep / deep
13. Difficult / Difficult morehard / harder
14. dirty / dirtierDirty / dirtier
15. easy / Easiereasy / easier
16. empty / emptiervacuum / empty
17. excited / more excitedExcited / more excited
18. expensive / more expensiveexpensive / more expensive
19. extroverted / more extrovertedoutgoing / more extroverted
20. far / fartherfar / further
21. fast / fasterfast / faster
22. fat / fatterfat / fatter
23. funny / funnierfun / more fun
24. good / bettergood / best
25. happy / happierhappy / happier
26. hard / harderhard / harder
27. heavy / heavierheavy / heavier
28. high / higherhigh / high (height)
29. hot / hotterhot / hotter
30. light / lighterLight / lighter
31. long / longerlong / longer
32. low / lowerlow / lowest
33. near / nearernear / closer
34. nervous / more nervousnervous / more nervous
35. new / newerNew / Newest
36. old / olderold / older
37 sets / more setsshould / more precise
38. rich / richerrich / richer
39. safe / safersafe / safer
40. Short / Shortershort / shorter
41. slow / Slowerslow / slower
42. small / smallersmall / smaller
43. strong / strongerstrong / stronger
44. sweet / sweetersweet / sweet
45. tall / workshophigh / higher (height)
46. thin / thinnerthin / thinner
47. ugly / uglierUgly / ugliest
48. Useful / more usefuluseful / more useful
49. warm / warmerwarm / warmer
50. weak / weakerweak / weaker