1. Curs USO - SM
-
Upload
george-ilie -
Category
Documents
-
view
37 -
download
0
Transcript of 1. Curs USO - SM
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
1/53
UtilizareaUtilizareaUtilizareaUtilizarea SistemelorSistemelorSistemelorSistemelor
dededede OperareOperareOperareOperare
Curs 1
2012 - 2014
SL. dr. ing. Stefan Mocanu
SL dr. ing. Mihnea Moisescu
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
2/53
ObiectiveObiectiveObiectiveObiective
1. D/ ()
2. D/ ()
3. F (+)
4. C (+)
5. / (+)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
3/53
CursCursCursCurs
1.
2.
3.
4. /
5.
6.
7. , ,
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
4/53
LaboratorLaboratorLaboratorLaborator
1. : ,
2. , , , ,
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
5/53
Evaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notare
1. Activitate practica2. Evaluari pe parcurs (diverse forme)
Observatii:1. Prezenta la laborator este obligatorie !2. Laboratoarele nu se pot reface
3. Nu se pot face mai multe laboratoare odata !4. Este OBLIGATORIE obtinerea a cel putin 50% din punctajul de
laborator pentru a putea sustine examenul final !5. Lipsa sau insuficienta punctajului de laborator (vezi 4) duce la
repetarearepetarearepetarearepetarea materiei !!!
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
6/53
Evaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notareEvaluare/notare
1. Examen scris.
Observatii:1. Prezenta la curs este obligatorie !2. Nu se obtin puncte suplimentare pentru prezenta
3. Se pot obtine puncte bonus prin activitati suplimentare4. Prezentarea la examenul final este conditionata de promovarea
laboratorului (vezi slide-ul anterior !)5. Examenul final va avea loc in timpul ultimului curs.
6. Examenul final NU va fi sub forma de grila !
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
7/53
CeCeCeCe esteesteesteeste un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
8/53
CeCeCeCe esteesteesteeste un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
9/53
Definitie:Un dispozitiv electronic capabil saprimeasca informatii(date) intr-un format si saexecute o secventa deoperatii, in concordanta cu un set predeterminat deinstructiuni (program), pentru a produce un rezultat subforma informatiilor sau semnalelor.
Oxford dictionary
CeCeCeCe esteesteesteeste un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
10/53
CeCeCeCe esteesteesteeste un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?un calculator ?
Un calculator este un dispozitiv care: Accepta intrari
Executa in mod automat o procedura (lista de pasi)
Genereaza iesiri
http://www.computingbook.org/
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
11/53
CronologieCronologieCronologieCronologie
EECC EA EA
CEA
E EA
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
12/53
CronologieCronologieCronologieCronologie ---- GeneratiaGeneratiaGeneratiaGeneratia zerozerozerozero
1
2
1926, E
1940 ENIGMA - familie de masinielectromecanice criptograficeutilizate pentru criptarea i decriptarea demesaje secrete
1941 G,
1943 C A, EGA
F 1
F 4
F 3
F 2
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
13/53
CronologieCronologieCronologieCronologie ---- PrimaPrimaPrimaPrima generatiegeneratiegeneratiegeneratie (1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)
1945 EAC (E
A C)
B
1947 B
.
1951 AC ( A C) 12,000 .
1952 EDAC (E D C) A
1953 B 650
500
F 5
F 6
F 7
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
14/53
PrimaPrimaPrimaPrima generatiegeneratiegeneratiegeneratie
(1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)
Pionieri: Howard Aiken (Harvard), Johnvon Neumann (Princeton), Konrad Zuse(Germania)
Relee mecanice la inceput
Tuburi cu vid continuare Limbaj masina absolut
fire de legatura pe placa de conexiuni
cartele perforate, ulterior
NU exista un limbaj de programarepropriu-zis
Exempu de utilizare:
tabele de sin, cos, log F 9
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
15/53
EAC
F 9
PrimaPrimaPrimaPrima generatiegeneratiegeneratiegeneratie
(1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
16/53
PrimaPrimaPrimaPrima generatiegeneratiegeneratiegeneratie
(1945(1945(1945(1945----1955)1955)1955)1955)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
17/53
A doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatie
(1955(1955(1955(1955----1965)1965)1965)1965)
1959 -Texas Instruments si FairchildSemiconductor dezvolta circuitul integrat
1960 - Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC) primul mini-computer cu ecran -PDP-1 - Programmed Data Processor
1964- IBM System/360, - Era Super-computerelor, software ce putea fischimbat, periferice
F 11
F 12
F 11
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
18/53
Tranzistoare Au condus la aparitia sisteme mari de
calcul (mainframes) Specializare: proiectant, constructor,
programator, depanare
Cartele perforate: limbaj de asamblare,FORTRAN Sisteme cu procesare pe loturi de lucrari
(batch processing) Lot de cartele transferat pe banda
magnetica Banda magnetica citita de sistem Rezultatele scrise pe banda si transferate
la imprimanta Exemple de utilizare:
rezolvare ecuatii diferentiale, inginerie
F 13
F 14
A doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatie
(1955(1955(1955(1955----1965)1965)1965)1965)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
19/53
F 13
A doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatieA doua generatie
(1955(1955(1955(1955----1965)1965)1965)1965)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
20/53
1968 - Doug Engelbart primul mouse sitastatura, primul procesor word = editorde text
A treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatie
(1965(1965(1965(1965----1980)1980)1980)1980)
F 15
F 16
1970- Fairchild Semiconductor - cip 256-bit RAM.
1971-Intel - 4004 Microprocessor primul microprocesor pe 4 biti
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
21/53
A treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatie
(1965(1965(1965(1965----1980)1980)1980)1980)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
22/53
1975 -Popular Electronics lanseazaMITSAltair 8800 primul PersonalComputer = PC
1976 -Steve Wozniak si Steve Jobs lanseaza Apple I
F 18
F 19
A treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatieA treia generatie
(1965(1965(1965(1965----1980)1980)1980)1980)
F
23
F 24
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
23/53
A patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatie
(1980(1980(1980(1980----prezent)prezent)prezent)prezent)
Calculatoare personale circuite integrate LSL (LargeScale Integration) -> microprocesor
Intel 8080 primul CPU pe 8 biti (scara larga) Sisteme de operare: CP/M (Control Program for
Microcomputer) IBM PC -> DOS / Basic (Disk Operating System) MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) - tastatura Aplle Macintosh -> GUI (Graphical User Interface):
ferestre, iconite, meniuri, mouse Windows initial peste MSDOS -> Windows 95
independent
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
24/53
1984
1981 B C ( 5150)
1982 1985 F HC
A patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatie
(1980(1980(1980(1980----prezent)prezent)prezent)prezent)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
25/53
A patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatieA patra generatie
(1980(1980(1980(1980----prezent)prezent)prezent)prezent)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
26/53
SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul
H
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
27/53
SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul
F 25
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
28/53
SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul
1. Scanner2. CPU = Central processing unit (Microprocessor)3. Memory (RAM)4. Expansion cards (graphics cards, etc.)5. Power supply6. Optical disc drive7. Storage (Hard disk)8. Motherboard9. Speakers10. Monitor11. System software12. Application software13. Keyboard14. Mouse15. External hard disk
16. Printer
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
29/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware
CC
//
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
30/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board
F 26
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
31/53
F 27A A
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
32/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board
Format standard (eng: motherboard form factor):
ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended),
BTX (Balanced Technology eXtended),
NLX (New Low profile eXtended)
F 28
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
33/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board
Module de memorie: SIMM Single Inline Memory Module
DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module
RIMM RamBUS Inline Memory Module
F29
F30
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
34/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware Mother boardMother boardMother boardMother board
Magistrale de date: Magistrale - procesor
Magistrale extinse:
PCI Peripherical Component Interconnect PCIe Express
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
IDE Integrated Device Electronic
ATA Advanced Technology Attachment PATA Parallel ATA
SATA Serial ATA
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
35/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- CPUCPUCPUCPU
C :
ADB
DA
A
AC
A
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
36/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- CPUCPUCPUCPU
..
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
37/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware ---- CPUCPUCPUCPU
..
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
38/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware memoriimemoriimemoriimemorii
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
39/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware I/OI/OI/OI/O
Mouse ?!Mouse ?!Mouse ?!Mouse ?!
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
40/53
HardwareHardwareHardwareHardware I/OI/OI/OI/O
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
41/53
SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul
Computerul contine unul sau mai multe elemente dinurmatoarele categorii: Procesorul - unitate centrala de procesare (CPU)
controleaza functionarea computerului proceseaza datele
Memoria principala memorie reala sau primara stocheaza date si programe. Este, de regula, volatila (se pierde la inchiderea computerului)
Modulele I/O Asigura transferul datelor intre computer si exterior
Ex: dispozitive de memorie secundare, echipamente de comunicare,unitati de disc
Magistrale (de date, de adrese si de control ): comunicarea intre procesoare, memoria de baza si modulele I/O.
Toate sunt interconectate pentru a asigura functionarea
computerului, adica executia programelor.
dddd l ll ll ll l hhhh U ( U)U ( U)U ( U)U ( U)
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
42/53
SistemSistemSistemSistem dededede calculcalculcalculcalcul arhitecturaarhitecturaarhitecturaarhitecturaUCP (CPU)UCP (CPU)UCP (CPU)UCP (CPU)
C
C
DD
E
E
F. C C
E: F E: D E:E
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
43/53
Unitatea Centrala de ProcesareUnitatea Centrala de ProcesareUnitatea Centrala de ProcesareUnitatea Centrala de Procesare
Functii de baza: Fetch - preluarea instructiunilor din memorie
Decode decodarea instructiunilor
Execute executia instructiunilor
Activitati efectuate:
Executia de operatii de baza (logice si aritmetice)
Planificarea si controlul operatiilor
Memorarea instructiunilor si datelor (operanzilor)
M d l ld l ld l lM d l l d ld ld ld l llll H dH dH dH d
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
44/53
ModelulModelulModelulModelul vonvonvonvon NeumanNeumanNeumanNeuman vs. modelvs. modelvs. modelvs. modelulululul HarvardHarvardHarvardHarvard
.
CC
CC
M d l lM d l lM d l lM d l l NNNN
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
45/53
ModelulModelulModelulModelul vonvonvonvon NeumanNeumanNeumanNeuman
Numit si Princeton architecture1) Un calculator compus din subsisteme legate printr-o
magistrala:
Memorie
ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) Unitate de control
Sistem Input/Output (I/O)
2) Atat programul cat si datele sunt stocate in memorie in
timpul executiei. Distinctie intre adresa si continut al memoriei
3) Instructiunile din program se executa secvential.
F31
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
46/53
ModelulModelulModelulModelul HarvardHarvardHarvardHarvard
Datele si instructiunile sunt stocate separat Procesorul poate simultan:
Citi o instructiune din memorie Accesa memoria de date
Modelul Harvard Modificat Nu prevede o separare atat de stricta intre instructiuni si date
Separarea se face in functie de implementare Acceasi memorie separata ierarhic dupa tip: date si instructiuni
BA
C C (ACC),
H
F 33
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
47/53
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
48/53
Bibliografie
http://elec.widgetlifes.com/the-10-most-influential-computer-history-news-techradar-uk/ http://www.lovendal.net/wp52/uluitorul-mecanism-din-antikythera-un-
complex-computer-antic/ http://www.computer-history.info/Page4.dir/pages/Univac.dir/index.html http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/samp-collection.html http://www.palvenn.no/ITkonsulent.lnk/main02achievements/cdc/default.h
tm?path=main02achievements/cdc http://www.computer-hardware-explained.com/what-is-a-
motherboard.html http://www.technogeek.ro/solid-state-disk.html http://www.c-jump.com/CIS77/CPU/VonNeumann/lecture.html http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~traylor/ece112/lectures/comp_arch.pdf Andrew S. Tanenbaum Sisteme de operare moderne William Stalling Operating Systems Internals and design Principles
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
49/53
Bibliografie imagini 1
Fig1: A Enigma G machine on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. -
Photographer: Austin Mills - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enigma-G.jpg Fig2: Colossus codebreaking computer in operation, This file is from the collections of The
National Archives (United Kingdom), catalogued under document recordFO850/234,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpg
Fig3: http://transistorselect.blogspot.ro/2010/11/blog-post.html
Fig4: de|Nachbau des Z1 im deutschen Technik Museum in Berlin, Sursa:de.wikipedia.org: 22:33, 27. Dez 2005 . . ComputerGeek
Fig5: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaGlen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program the ENIAC in BRL building328, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eniac.jpg
Fig6: Photo by U. S. Navy Electronics Supply Office as part of the Report Department of theArmy, Ballistic Research Laboratories - Maryland, A third survey of domestic electronic digitalcomputing systems, Report No 1115, 1961, The UNIVAC II,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Univac-I-Navy-Electronics-Supply-Office-BRL61-0992.jpg
Fig7: w:IBM 650 computer at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, opened to show
storage drum and rear of front panel. Author: Cushing Memorial Library and Archives, TexasA&M, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_650_with_front_open.jpg
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
50/53
Bibliografie imagini 2
Fig8: The Basic 650 Configuration. Photo: IBM Archive,
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/650.html Fig9: IBM vacuum tube module in the museum "Haus zur Geschichte der IBM
Datenverarbeitung" in Sindelfingen, Germany, Author: JuergenG,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoehreIBM_090325.jpg
Fig10: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/eniac.html
Fig11: PDP-1 computer,Author: Matthew Hutchinson, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDP-1.jpg
Fig12: Ein System/360 zur Elektronischen Datenverarbeitung im VW-Werk Wolfsburg (1973),PhotographerSchaack, Lothar, German Federal Archive,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038812-0014,_ Wolfsburg,
_VW_Autowerk.jpg Fig13: Punch card from a typical Fortran program, Arnold Reinhold,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg
Fig14: Assorted discrete transistors. Packages in order from top to bottom: TO-3, TO-126,TO-92, SOT-23.AuthorTransisto , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistorer_(croped).jpg
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
51/53
Bibliografie imagini 3 Fig15: SRIs first computer mouse prototype, Douglas EngelbartAuthorSRI International
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SRI_Computer_Mouse.jpg
Fig16: Intel 4004, Photo by John Pilge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C4004_(Intel).jpg
Fig17 CPU Intel C8008-1AuthorKonstantin Lanzethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL_Intel_C8008-1.jpg
Fig18: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_II_tranparent_800.png
Fig19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_8800_Computer.jpg
Fig20: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png Fig21: Paul G. Allen at Flying Heritage Collection,AuthorMiles Harris,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_G._Allen.jpg
Fig22: Bill Gates in Berlin (2013),Authorwww.dts-nachrichtenagentur.de, http://www.dts-nachrichtenagentur.de/kostenlose_bilder.php
Fig23: Steve Jobs shows off the iPhone 4 at the 2010 Worldwide Developers Conference,AuthorMatthew Yohe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg
Fig24 Steve Wozniak, Photo taken by Al Luckow,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Wozniak.jpg
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
52/53
Bibliografie imagini 4
Fig25 Exploded view of a personal computer, Self-published work
by User:HereToHelp and File:Personal computer, exploded 5.svg,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Personal_computer,_exploded_6.svg
Fig26 labeled diagram of Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard by Foxconn (labels in English),Derivative works of this file:Acer E360 Socket 939 motherboard by Foxconn hr.svg,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg
Fig27 block diagram of a modern motherboard (legend in English), user:Moxfyre. Original
uploader was Moxfyre at en.wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motherboard_diagram.svg
Fig28 Comparison of (personal) computer motherboard form factors,VIA Gallery from Hsintien,Taiwan, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VIA_Mini-ITX_Form_Factor_Comparison.jpg
Fig29: Crop from :Image:RAM n.jpg, Original uploader was Grendelkhan at en.wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DIMMs.jpg Fig 30: 3 SDRAM DIMM Slots, Benjamin albert, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3SDRAM-
DIMMs.jpg
Fig 31: http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIF (Archive copy atthe Internet Archive), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif
-
5/28/2018 1. Curs USO - SM
53/53
Fig 32: A Macintosh 128K,Authorw:User:Grm wnr,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macintosh_128k_transparency.png Fig 33: IBM MARK I http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/markI/markI_intro.html
Bibliografie imagini 5