Aplicación Gráfica para el estudio de un Modelo de Celda Electrolítica usando Técnicas de...

8/14/2019 Aplicacin Grfica para el estudio de un Modelo de Celda Electroltica usando Tcnicas de Visualizacin de Campos

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2>>>

Q@EWARVEDHD DA FK@FA^FEK@GHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHGHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHGHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHGHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREH

DA^HRTHLA@TK DA E@MA@EAREH ACAFTREFH

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Fvhr H. La`h C.


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HH~~cceeffhhffee MMrrggeeffhh ~~hhrrhh aacc aavvttqqddeekk ddaa qq`LLkkddaacckkddaa FFaaccddhh AAccaaffttrrkkcctteeffhh qqvvhh ddkkTTff eeffhhvv ddaa WWeevvqqhhcceeyyhhffee ddaa FFhhll~~kkvv

WWaaffttkkrreehhccaavv

Fvhr H`tkèk La`h Chbrhh

E`gkrla da Lalkreh da Ttqck^hrh k~thr hc Ttqck da

E`maèark Fewec Acaftrèfk

Va~tealbra da 2>>>

^rkgavkr htrkfe`h`ta

Vr. Refhrdk V`foay Vfoqcy# ô. D.

Q@EWARVEDHD DA FK@FA^FEK@

GHFQCTHD DA E@MA@EAREHDa~hrthla`tk da E`maèarh Acftrefh


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ew

Davak a~ravhr le lv ve`fark

hmrhdafelea`tk h le ~rkgavkr

htrkfe`h`ta Vr. Refhrdk V`foay#

av~afehcla`ta ~kr vq lktewhfe` u

~hfea`feh.


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w

Ac qvk da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav gckth`tav a` facdhv da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra

fk`vtetqua q`h taf`kckmh `k fk`wa`fek`hc xqa ~rklata el~hftkv afk`lefkv u

k~arhfek`hcav ~hrh ch e`dqvtreh. A` ac ~rava`ta trhbhik va davhrrkcch q`h

oarrhlea`th fkl~qthfek`hc fquk kbiatewk av fk`trebqer hc h`cevev u devak da

thcav facdhv# da lkdk da radqfer ac teal~k u fkvtk da davhrrkcck# ~qav a` ac fhvk

da ch taf`kckmh be~kchr# ac devak oh avthdk bhvhdk a` ac qvk da ~rktkte~kv. Ac

vkgt}hra davhrrkcchdk ~rk~krfek`h q`h e`targhy mrgefh xqa ~arleta# a` q`

a`tkr`k 6D e`tarhftewk: ac devak makltrefk# ch velqchfe` u ac h`cevev da ckv

ravqcthdkv. Va ~qada avtqdehr maklatrhv rafth`mqchrav hrbetrhrhv da facdhv fk`

acaftrkdkv be~kchrav gckth`tav u facdhv fk`wa`fek`hcav fk` acaftrkdkv

qè~kchrav. Ch velqchfe` da ch facdh va vqvta`tha` q` lkdack bhva xqa gqa

davhrrkcchdk a` q`h e`wavtemhfe` ~raweh# ch xqa lktew ac ~rava`ta trhbhik.

^hrh xqa ch taf`kckmh da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va ~qadh h~cefhr

fklarfehcla`ta va daba hvamqrhr q` ~rkdqftk da fhcedhd# ck xqa el~cefh

mhrh`teyhr q` da~vetk da fkbra oklkmàk a` tkdh ch vq~argefea da ckv

ftkdkv. Ac lkdack bhva va krea`th h ch ~radeffe` dac da~vetk da fkbra# ck xqa

va ckmrh ladeh`ta ac fcfqck da ch devtrebqfe` dac fhl~k da da`vedhd da

fkrrea`ta vkbra ckv acaftrkdkv# ~qav avth va rachfek`h derafthla`ta fk` ch dac

da~vetk da fkbra. Va qvh q` ltkdk da degara`feh geèth ~hrh kbtaàr ch

devtrebqfe` tredela`vek`hc da ~kta`fehc acftrefk# ck xqa ~arleta kbtaàr ac

fhl~k da da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` tkdk ac wkcqla` da ch facdh.

VVVqqqlllhhhrrreeekkk


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Vqlhrek we

^hrh ac h`cevev e`tarhftewk da ckv dhtkv va ~rk~krfek`h` whrehv

oarrhlea`thv da wevqhceyhfe`. Fklk oarrhlea`th ~re`fe~hc da h`cevev# va

~rkwaa ch fh~hfedhd ~hrh wevqhceyhr fhl~kv waftkrehcav 6D fklk càhv

fk`te`qhv da gcqik# chv xqa vk` maàrhdhv a` gkrlh hqtkltefh. Avth tfèfh

ravqcth lqu h~rk~ehdh ~hrh avth h~cefhfe`# ~arleta wevqhceyhfekàv

vemègefhtewhv# ckfhcav k mckbhcav# dac fhl~k da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta. ^hrh q`h

hdafqhdh ~arfa~fe` av~hfehc da chv càhv da gcqik va frah agaftkv da

vklbrahdk# ladeh`ta q` h~rk~ehdk lkdack da ecqle`hfe` da càhv. Hq`xqa ac

ohrd}hra mrgefk fk`wa`fek`hc vck ~rk~krfek`h vk~krta ~hrh ch ecqle`hfe` da

~reletewhv da vq~argefea# ch ecqle`hfe` da càhv va el~cala`thfk`waèa`tala`ta ladeh`ta lh~ak da tatqrh# fhrhftarvtefh k~teleyhdh a`

hfacarhdkrav mrgefkv. Da avta lkdk# tkdkv ckv fcfqckv da ecqle`hfe` va

~qada` agaftqhr agefea`tala`ta fk` ac vk~krta da ohrd}hra mrgefk. Hdalv# chv

càhv da gcqik e`fcqua` vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd u va fkckrah` ~hrh fkdegefhr ch

lhmètqd da fhl~kv avfhchrav /~kta`fehc acftrefk# e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k

da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta%.

Davda ch ~arv~aftewh da ch Wevqhceyhfe` fea`tgefh# q`h h~cefhfe` da

avta te~k daba var e`tarhftewh u ~rafevh. Fk` kbiatk da vk~krthr maklatrhv

rafth`mqchrav hrbetrhrehv# ac hcmkretlk dac lkdack bhva dabh var raavtrqftqrhdk.

A` thc ~rkfavk# va fk`febe hcmq`hv laikrhv hc lkdack u q`h el~krth`ta

fkrraffe`# ck xqa fk`vtetqua q` h~krta hdefek`hc vemègefhtewk hc avgqaryk ~kr

lkdachr ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` fk` lhukr ~rafeve`. A` ~hrtefqchr# va

davhrrkcck q` laikr lkdack ~hrh acaftrkdkv gckth`tav# ac xqa fhcfqch ac ~kta`fehc

acftrefk dac acaftrkdk h ~hrter da q`h dadqffe` lv fk`vevta`ta.


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wee

Vqlhrek w

Mckvhrek u Hbrawehfekàv x

@kla`fchtqrh xe

FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 88888 E`trkdqffe` 8

8.8 Lktewhfe` 88.2 Kbiatewkv u Hcfh`fav 2

8.6 Acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra 6

8.4 Lkdack da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` 1

8.4.8 Lkdack da bhva /Lkdack da Bettàr% 1

8.4.2 Frtefhv hc lkdack da bhva u krema` da q` lkdack laikrhdk 5

8.1 Wevqhceyhfe` 86

FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 22222

Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 812.8 E`trkdqffe` 81

2.2 Gq`dhla`tkv da ch takrh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra 87

2.6 Gkrlqchfe` da ch lkdachfe` gvefh 8?

2.6.8 Lkdachfe` acaftrkvttefh 8?

2.6.2 Davhrrkcck da q` ltkdk ~hrh ch datarle`hfe` dac ~kta`fehc daacaftrkdkv gckth`tav 22

FFFkkk`tttaaaèeedddkkkvvv


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Fk`taèdkv weee

FFFFHÊTQCKHÊTQCKHÊTQCKHÊTQCK 66666 Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta Càhvda Gcqik 27

6.8 E`trkdqffe` 276.2 Maàrhfe` da càhv da gcqik 2?

6.2.8 Fk`fa~tkv bvefkv 2?

6.2.2 E`tamrhfe` da càhv da gcqik a` q` dkleèk davfrateyhdk 25

6.2.6 Vacaffe` da ~q`tkv valecch 68

6.6 Wevqhceyhfe` da càhv da gcqik 62

6.6.8 Ecqle`hfe` da càhv a` ac av~hfek tredela`vek`hc 62

6.6.2 Ra`dare`m k~teleyhdk da càhv ecqle`hdhv 67

6.6.6 H`tehcehve`m da càhv 65

6.6.4 Fkckrhfe` da chv càhv da gcqik 65

6.6.1 ârfa~fe` da ~rkgq`dedhd 4>

FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 44444 Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 42

4.8 E`trkdqffe` 42

4.2 Lkdachfe` qlrefh da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` 46

4.2.8 Fk`vedarhfekàv u ravtreffekàv dac lkdack 46

4.2.2 Hcmkretlk da fcfqck 41

4.2.2.8 Hcmkretlk bvefk 41

4.2.2.2 Fk`waèa`feh u àfavedhd da q` ltkdk etarhtewk ~hrh vkcqfek`hr acvevtalh da afqhfekàv 4?4.2.2.6 Avtrhtameh da ~rkmrhlhfe` krea`thdh h kbiatkv u vacaffe` be`hreh da chv

afqhfekàv da degara`feh 16

4.2.6 K~teleyhfekàv 14

4.2.6.8 Grlqch rafqrvewh ~hrh ac fcfqck da ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav14

4.2.6.2 Acele`hfe` da ch àfavedhd da e`tar~kchfe` tredela`vek`hc a`fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav 11

4.2.6.6 Avtelhfe` da fk`defekàv eèfehcav ~hrh ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkvgckth`tav 17

4.2.4 Ravqla` dac Hcmkretlk da fcfqck 17

4.6 Maàrhfe` hqtkltefh da chv càhv da gcqik 1?

4.6.8 E`tamrhfe` da chv càhv da gcqik 1?

4.6.2 Maàrhfe` hqtkltefh da ~q`tkv valecch u fk`trkc da ch fh`tedhd dacàhv da gcqik wevqhceyhdhv 15

4.6.6 Fk`trkc da ch ck`metqd da chv càhv da gcqik 72

4.6.6.8 Acele`hfe` dac agaftk yemyhm 724.6.6.2 Trq`fhdk da chv càhv da gcqik ~hrh awethr xqa htrhweava` acaftrkdkv

be~kchrav 74


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Fk`taèdkv ex

4.6.6.6 ^rk~krfek`h`dk mrhdk da cebarthd ~hrh xqa ac qvqhrek fk`trkca ch ck`metqdda chv càhv da gcqik 74

4.4 Oarrhlea`thv fkl~cala`threhv da wevqhceyhfe` 71

4.4.8 Wevqhceyhfe` dac da~vetk da fkbra 71

4.4.2 Atrhftkr da rabh`hdhv 774.4.6 Fqrvkr tredela`vek`hc 7=

4.1 Fk`vedarhfekàv vkbra e`tarhftewedhd 7?

4.1.8 Vevtalh da wevqhceyhfe` 6D 7?

4.1.8.8 Lkdack da Flhrh 7?4.1.8.2 Fk`trkc da ckv lkwelea`tkv da ch flhrh ladeh`ta ac lkqva =>4.1.8.6 Vacaffe` da acaftrkdkv fk` ac ~q`tark dac lkqva =84.1.8.4 Hqtka`gkxqa =2

4.1.2 Vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd =6

4.1.6 Vamla`thfe` e`tarhftewh =4

4.1.4 E`targhy Mrgefh da Qvqhrek =1

4.7 El~cala`thfe` =7

FFFFHÊTQCKHÊTQCKHÊTQCKHÊTQCK 11111 Ravqcthdkv ==

1.8 E`targhy Mrgefh da Qvqhrek ==

1.2 Fhrhftarvtefhv wevqhcav da chv càhv da gcqik ?2

1.6 Facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` fk` q` acaftrkdk be~kchr ?1

1.4 Facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` hveltrefh fk` 4 acaftrkdkv be~kchrav 5>

FFFFH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCKH^TQCK 77777 Devfqve` u Fk`fcqvekàv 52

7.8 Devfqve` u Fk`fcqvekàv 52

7.2 Trhbhikv gqtqrkv 57

Bebcekmrhgh 55

HHHH@A_K@A_K@A_K@A_K HHHHH

Devtrebqfe` oklkmaàh da ~q`tkv vkbra ch vq~argefea da q`~hrhcaca~~adk 8>2


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x

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Wevqhceyhfe`9 Q` ltkdk ~hrh atrhar e`gkrlhfe` vemègefhtewh h~hrter da fkìq`tkv da dhtkv fkl~caikv# h trhwv dac qvk da elmaàv u mrgefkv

e`tarhftewkv.

Ra`dare`m9 Trle`k maàrhc xqa davfreba ac ~rkfavk fkl~catk ~hrhtrh`vgkrlhr q`h ra~rava`thfe` a` bhva da dhtkv da q` kbiatk tredela`vek`hc#

a` q`h ~rkuaffe` bedela`vek`hc vklbrahdh vkbra q`h vq~argefea da

wevqhceyhfe` /~h`thcch%.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

A] 9 Acaftrk}e`è`mk Acaftrk,kbta`fe`.

KK^ 9 Kbiaft Krea`tad ^rkmrhlle`mk ^rkmrhlhfe` Krea`thdh h Kbiatkv.

HÊ 9 H~~cefhtek` ^rkmrhlle`m E`targhfa k E`targhy da ^rkmrhlhfe` da

H~cefhfekàv.

MQE 9 Mrh~oefhc Qvar E`targhfak E`targhy Mrgefh da Qvqhrek.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

MMMccckkkvvvhhhrrreeekkk uuu HHHbbbrrraaawwweeehhhfffeeekkkàaavvv


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xe

@kthfe` 9

Fhrhftarav a` fqrv ewh da`kth` whrehbcav k fk`vth`tav avfhchrav.

Fhrhftarav a` `amr e th da`kth` waftkrav k lhtrefav. ^ragara`tala`ta va

qvh fhrhftarav a` le`vfqch ~hrh waftkrav u a` lhuvfqch ~hrh lhtrefav.

Vlbkckv 9

Ch vemqea`ta cevth fk`tea`a ckv vlbkckv lv el~krth`tav qvhdkv a` avta

dkfqla`tk.

W ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc acftrefk a` ac e`tarekr da ch facdh acaftrkctefh/~kta`fehc a` ac acaftrkcetk%

Wl ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc latcefk. ^kta`fehc a` ac e`tarekr da q` acaftrkdk latcefk

DW ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk. Degara`feh da ~kta`fehc h~cefhdh h q`he`targhva lathc,acaftrkcetk /W

l

, W%

DWH

ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk a` ch rame` da q` acaftrkdk xqa hfthfklk `kdk

DWF

ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk a` ch rame` da q` acaftrkdk xqa hfthfklk Ftkdk

@@@kkklllaaa`fffccchhhtttqqqrrrhhh


11/118

@kla`fchtqrh xee

a>

ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da axqecebrek da q`h rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh a`fk`defekàv avt`dhr /tal~arhtqrh u fk`fa`trhfe`%

aR

ZW\ 9 ~kta`fehc da axqecebrek da q`h rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh a`

fk`defekàv `k avt`dhr /tal~arhtqrh u fk`fa`trhfe`%

A 9 waftkr fhl~k acftrefk /sAs ZW+l\%

I 9 waftkr da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta acftrefh /sIs ZH+l2\%

I 9 waftkr I `krlhceyhdk

Z,8

l,8

\ 9 fk`dqftewedhd acftrefh

ZF+l6

\ 9 da`vedhd wkcqltrefh da fhrmh acftrefh

ZG+l\ 9 ~arletewedhd acftrefh

x 9 waftkr da fkkrda`hdhv av~hfehcav /sxs Zl\%

x # u # y 9 waftkrav qèthrekv a` fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav. x #>%T#

u #8#>%T# u y #>#8%

T

` 9 waftkr qèthrek `krlhc h ch vq~argefea da q`h e`targhva dac

acaftrkcetk fk` ktrk ladek# krea`thdk ohfeh ac acaftrkcetk

dV Zl2\ rah da q` acala`tk degara`fehc da vq~argefea

V Zl2\ 9 h~rkelhfe` geèth da dV

dv 9 acala`tk degara`fehc krea`thbca da vq~argefea / dV%

@ 9 `lark da acala`tkv da vq~argefea Va` ckv xqa va devfrateyh chvq~argefea da q` acaftrkdk

jV 9 ghftkr da hiqvta da rah ~hrh acala`tkv da vq~argefea `k

fqhdrhdkv /V


12/118

@kla`fchtqrh xeee

d Zl\ 9 ck`metqd dac ~hvk hdh~tewk da e`tamrhfe` da càhv da gcqik

dle`

#d

lhZl\ 9 fkthv e`garekr u vq~arekr ~hrh d

ss Zl\ 9 arrkr a` ch ck`metqd da q`h càh da gcqik fkrrav~k`dea`ta h q`~hvk da e`tamrhfe`

d)

Zl\ 9 d ~telk ~hrh ckmrhr xqa ss vah e`garekr h q`h fkth TKC

@ 9 waftkr qèthrek xqa ckfhcla`ta ra~rava`th ch deraffe` `krlhc hq`h vq~argefea

C 9 waftkr qèthrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da q`h gqa`ta da cqy

R 9 waftkr qèthrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da ch cqy ragcaihdhW 9 waftkr qèthrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da wevth /kbvarwhdkr%

T 9 waftkr qèthrek xqa ra~rava`th ch deraffe` da q`h càh

jh 9 e`ta`vedhd da ch cqy hlbea`ta /lkdack da ecqle`hfe` ôk`m%

jd 9 fkagefea`ta da ragcae` degqvh /lkdack da ecqle`hfe` ôk`m%

jv

9 fkagefea`ta da ragcae` av~afqchr /lkdack da ôk`m%

v 9 a~kà`ta da ragcae` av~afqchr /lkdack da ôk`m%

~ 9 a~kà`ta da ragcae` degqvh xqa fkl~a`vh afavk da brecck

L 9 lhtrey da trh`vgkrlhfe` da fkkrda`hdhv da tatqrh /44%

t> 9 waftkr oklkmàk da fkkrda`hdhv da tatqrh

V

Z~tkv.+o2\ 9 da`vedhd vq~argefehc da ~q`tkv

E Zo \ 9 dela`ve` da acaftrkdk rafth`mqchr a` ch deraffe`

I Zo \ 9 dela`ve` da acaftrkdk rafth`mqchr a` ch deraffe` u

J Zo \ 9 dela`ve` da acaftrkdk rafth`mqchr a` ch deraffe` y


13/118

@kla`fchtqrh xew

Gq`fekàv u k~arhdkrav 9

A` chv vemqea`tav grlqchv# [ da`kth a` fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav x # ac xqa va hdoeara hc ftkdk. A` ac

e`tarekr dac acaftrkcetk# ch fkrrea`ta acftrefh av ~rkdqfedh ~kr ac lkwelea`tk da

ckv ekàv. Ch ~kta`feh acftrefh ~rk~krfek`hdh ~kr ac raftegefhdkr va fk`vqla

~hrfehcla`ta ~kr ~rdedhv ravevtewhv# ~ark av qvhdh ~re`fe~hcla`ta ~hrh

~rkdqfer chv trh`vgkrlhfekàv xqlefhv hvkfehdhv h chv rahffekàv da radqffe`

dac e` f~refk a` ac ftkdk u ch kedhfe` dac hmqh a` ac `kdk.

O2K

a,

a,

O* O*

a,

a,

Acaftrkcetk

Fq2*

Fq>

H`kdk Ftkdk

W

ee

K2

Gemqrh 8.89 ^rkfavk acaftrkxqlefk bvefk da ch acaftrk,kbta`fe da Fkbra


17/118

E`trkdqffe` 4

Fklarfehcla`ta# ac ~rkfavk da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra va ccawh h

fhbk a` facdhv rafth`mqchrav# a` fquk e`tarekr va fkckfh` acaftrkdkv chle`hrav#

krea`thdkv tkdkv ~hrhcachla`ta. Ac lk`thia fk`wa`fek`hc da acaftrkdkv ohfa

qvk da acaftrkdkv qè~kchrav: fhdh acaftrkdk av `kdk k ftkdk# `kdkv u

ftkdkv va ~kvefek`h` hctar`hdhla`ta# da lkdk xqa whrekv ~hrav `kdk,ftkdk

va fkàfth` a` ~hrhcack h q`h gqa`ta da ~kdar. Fk` avth fk`gemqrhfe`

makltrefh# chv rahffekàv kfqrra` a` hlbkv chdkv da fhdh acaftrkdk u va

kbteaà fkbra a` chv dkv fhrhv da fhdh ftkdk.

A` q`h facdh qvh`dk taf`kckmh da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va qvh q`

`kdk u q` ftkdk qè~kchr# u a`tra acckv va fkckfh` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav. Ckv

acaftrkdkv va cchlh` be~kchrav ~krxqa fhdh q`k da acckv avth fk`vtrqedk ~hrh

hftqhr fklk `kdk ~kr q`h da vqv fhrhv u fklk ftkdk ~kr ch ktrh# da lkdk

xqa tkdkv ckv ~hrav `kdk,ftkdk avt` a` fkàe` varea.

Ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va defa` gckth`tav# ~krxqa avt` e`larvkv a`

ch vkcqfe` ve` taàr fkàe` acftrefh h q`h gqa`ta da ~kdar# ch fkrrea`ta gcqua

davda `kdk h ftkdk htrhwavh`dk fhdh acaftrkdk be~kchr. ^hrh ac levlk

`lark da acaftrkdkv# ch ~rkdqffe` da fkbra av ch levlh xqa a` ac fhvk

qè~kchr. A` avta fhvk va kbteaà fkbra a` fhdh acaftrkdk be~kchr# ~ark vck a`

q`h da vqv fhrhv. Ch ~re`fe~hc wa`thih da avth taf`kckmh av xqa a` avta fhvk va

raxqeara q`h fkrrea`ta lqfok la`kr# ~qav ac fk`vqlk da tkdh ch facdh av ac

levlk xqa ac da q` vkck ~hr da acaftrkdkv.


18/118

E`trkdqffe` 1

8.4 Lkdack da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe`

8.4.8 Lkdack da bhva /Lkdack da Bettàr%

Aevta ~kfh a~area`feh a` ch lkdachfe` e`tamrhc da avta te~k da ~rkfavk.

Rawevta q`h mrh` degefqcthd dabedk h ch e`tarhffe` da whrehbcav acftrefhv#

xqlefhv u lafèfhv. A` fqhcxqear fhvk# ac da~vetk da fkbra avth

fk`defek`hdk ~re`fe~hcla`ta ~kr ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` fhdh ~q`tk dac

acaftrkdk. Cqamk# ~hrh h`hceyhr ch oklkmaàedhd dac da~vetk da fkbra# va daba

avtqdehr ch devtrebqfe` da ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk.

Fklk q`h ~relarh h~rkelhfe`# ac lkdack davhrrkcchdk ~kr Bettàr

fk`vedarh q` avthdk da k~arhfe` edahc# a` ac xqa ckv ekàv e`larvkv a` ac

acaftrkcetk vk` trh`v~krthdkv vck ~kr ac agaftk dac fhl~k acftrefk.

Fk`vedarh`dk devtrebqfekàv da fhrmh fk`vth`tav# va rafqrra h ch takrh

acaftrkvttefh ~hrh datarle`hr ac fhl~k da fkrrea`tav avthfek`hrehv. Ac e`tarv va

a`gkfh a` ch maklatrh da ch facdh fklk whrehbca ~hrh lhè~qchr ch devtrebqfe`

dac da~kvetk da fkbra a` ckv ftkdkv. Av dafer# ch ~kvefe` u dela`vekàv da ckv

acaftrkdkv# ckv fqhcav va ravtre`ma` h var chle`hrav. Dabedk h xqa chv maklatrhv

qvhdhv fk`wa`fek`hcla`ta vk` rafth`mqchrav# ac lkdack va el~cala`th

fk`waèa`tala`ta bhv`dkva a` ac ltkdk `qlrefk da degara`fehv geèthv. Avta

maàrh q` vevtalh da afqhfekàv# dk`da chv e`fmèthv vk` ckv ~kta`fehcav a`

fhdh ~q`tk dac dkleèk. Ch vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk raxqeara

avthbcafar fk`defekàv da fk`tkr`k a` chv e`targhfav dk`da va ~rkdqfadevfk`te`qedhd da ~hrlatrkv. Ch fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k a` ch e`targhva

acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk ~rava`thbh q` davhgk# dabedk h ch eàevta`feh da lkdackv

~hrh acaftrkdkv be~kchrav.


19/118

E`trkdqffe` 7

Dkbca fh~hacaftrkxqlefh

/ahmarhdh%

Lathc

E`targhy fk` acaftrkcetk/Ftkdk%

E`targhy fk` acaftrkcetk/`kdk%

x Zl\

W ZW\

DWF

DWH

Wl

DWH , DWF

Gemqrh 8.29 Vaffe` trh`vwarvhc da acaftrkdk be~kchr chle`hr.DWF uDWH vk` ckv~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk.

A` ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk aevta q`h rame` lefrkvf~efh

da`kle`hdh dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh# a` ch xqa va ~rkdqfa q`h whrehfe` dac

~kta`fehc acftrefk. Bettàr radqik ac lkdack dac ~rkfavk da acaftrkdk h q`h

devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc fklk fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k a` ch e`targhva

acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk /Gemqrh 8.2%. Ac ~kta`fehc a` fqhcxqear ~q`tk da ch e`targhva#

~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk# xqadh datarle`hdk h ~hrter dac ~kta`fehc a` chvq~argefea dac acaftrkdk#~kta`fehc latcefk /W

l%# u q` vhctk da ~kta`fehc#~kta`fehc

da acaftrkdk /DW%. Ac vhctk da ~kta`fehc av q`h whrehbca da~a`dea`ta da ch

fkrrea`ta xqa htrhweavh ch e`targhva# fk` gq`fe` fk`kfedh.

A` ckv acaftrkdkv qè~kchrav ac ~kta`fehc latcefk va fk`kfa da

h`talh`k# ~qav avtkv acaftrkdkv va fkàfth` gvefhla`ta h q`h gqa`ta da wkcthia

/whrehbca e`da~a`dea`ta%# ~kr acck ch fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k va h~cefh ve`degefqcthd. Dabedk h xqa ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav vk` gckth`tav# `k va fk`kfa vq

~kta`fehc latcefk /whrehbca da~a`dea`ta%# ~kr acck va bqvfh q`h vkcqfe`

hctar`htewh xqa `k ohfa qvk dac ~kta`fehc latcefk# hc rachfek`hr derafthla`ta ckv

~kta`fehcav dac acaftrkcetk a` chv dkv e`targhfav dac acaftrkdk be~kchr. Thc


20/118

E`trkdqffe` =

vkcqfe` qteceyh ch devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc àth a`tra chv dkv fhrhv dac

acaftrkdk be~kchr /DWH,DW

F %# u va fk`vemqa lhè~qch`dk derafthla`ta chv

afqhfekàv da degara`feh geèth.

A` vq e`wavtemhfe`# Bettàr el~cala`t ac lkdack ~hrh h`hceyhr

bvefhla`ta trav te~kv da maklatrhv da facdhv# fqukv ravqcthdkv va ravqla` a`

ch Gemqrh 8.6. ^hrh chv dkv ~relarhv facdhv# ckv ravqcthdkv da velqchfekàv

oafohv fk` ac lkdack bhva ~qdeark` fk`trhvthrva fk` ravqcthdkv kbtaèdkv fk`

~rktkte~kv a~arela`thcav. Va fkl~rkb xqa hc la`kv fqhcethtewhla`ta# ac

lkdack ~radefa hdafqhdhla`ta ch devtrebqfe` da ckv da~vetkv da fkbra# ck xqa

whcedh ckv ~re`fe~ekv qteceyhdkv ~hrh davhrrkcchr ac lkdack.

Davda ac ~q`tk da wevth oedrqcefk# ch facdh fk` acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv#

Gemqrh 8.6/h%# fk`vtetqua q` èfk fkl~hrtelea`tk xqa ~arleta ac gcqik da

acaftrkcetk. Ve` albhrmk ckv da~vetkv da fkbra ravqcth` ~kfk oklkmàkv#

ravqcth` fk`da`vhdkv a` ac fa`trk da ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav# lea`trhv xqa a`

ac ftkdk qè~kchr kfqrra ck fk`trhrek. Avtk va daba h xqa ch fkrrea`ta tea`da h

rkdahr ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav ~hrh ferfqchr derafthla`ta a`tra ac `kdk u

ftkdk qè~kchrav

Ch facdh fk` acaftrkdkv ata`dedkv# Gemqrh 8.6/b%# ~rava`th q`

fkl~krthlea`tk ~telk davda ac ~q`tk da wevth acaftrkvttefk. Maàrh

da`vedhdav da fkrrea`ta qègkrlav# chv xqa ~rkdqfa` da~vetkv da fkbra

oklkmàkv. Ve` albhrmk# avth hctar`htewh ~rava`th q`h lhukr fkl~caiedhd a`

ac vevtalh da hcela`thfe` dac acaftrkcetk# ~krxqa ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav

deweda` ch facdh a` vqb,facdhv# chv xqa daba` var hcela`thdhv

e`da~a`dea`tala`ta.


21/118

E`trkdqffe` ?

Gemqrh 8.69 Ravqcthdkv da ch e`wavtemhfe` da Bett`ar. Velqchfe`# qvh`dk ac lkdack bhva#da 6 facdhv da A] fk` 4 acaftrkdkv be~kchrav /acaftrkdkv fa`trhcav%. /Eyxqeardh% Chdevtrebqfe` da da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta `krlhc a` chv vq~argefeav da ckv ftkdkv fkdegefh a`fkckr ac mrkvkr dac da~vetk da Fq fkckr rkik e`defh q` da~vetk dacmhdk u fkckr hlhreccke`defh q` da~vetk mrqavk. /Darafoh% Fhl~k acftrefk u c`ahv axqe~kta`fehcav vkbra q`fkrta bedela`vek`hc da chv facdhv. Ch ck`metqd da chv gcafohv fkdegefh ch e`ta`vedhd dacfhl~k acftrefk.

y

y

/h% Acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv

`kdk

d

/b% Acaftrkdkv ata`dedkv

/f% Facdh hveltrefh

u

y

u

y d

y

`kdk

d

y

u

`kdk


22/118

E`trkdqffe` 5

Fk` kbiatk da kbtaàr q`h vkcqfe` da fkl~rklevk# va velqc ch

facdh hveltrefh da ch Gemqrh 8.6/f%. Ch edah arh taàr q`h èfh flhrh davda ac

~q`tk da wevth oedrqcefk u kbtaàr devtrebqfekàv da fkrrea`ta lv qègkrlav#

hc qteceyhr acaftrkdkv ~hrfehcla`ta ata`dedkv. Ve` albhrmk# a` ckv bkrdav `k

ata`dedkv da ckv acaftrkdkv va ~rkdqfa` fchrhla`ta ckv ga`la`kv

e`davahbcav wevtkv a` ch facdh fk` acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv.

Ch aevta`feh da fkrrea`ta acftrefh h trhwv da ckv acaftrkdkv

be~kchrav el~cefh q` da~vetk da fkbra a` ch vq~argefea fhtdefh da fhdh

acaftrkdk# avtk lqavtrh xqa ac qvhr acaftrkdkv be~kchrav a` facdhv da A] da

fkbra teaà gq`dhla`tk u va iqvtegefh vq e`wavtemhfe`# dabedk h chv mrh`dav

wa`thihv acftrefhv u lathcrmefhv xqa va ~qada` kbtaàr. Hq`xqa è`mq`k da

ckv ~rktkte~kv da facdh avtqdehdkv ohvth ac lkla`tk ~rk~krfek`h q`

daval~ak ghwkrhbca a` tkdkv ckv hv~aftkv# va fkl~rqabh xqa ac lkdack

ravqcth lqu tec ~hrh fkl~ra`dar u ~radafer ac gq`fek`hlea`tk da ch facdh da

A] fk` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav# ~kr ck xqa ~kdrh var lqu tec ~hrh kbtaàr q`h

fk`gemqrhfe` makltrefh ~telh.

8.4.2 Frtefhv hc lkdack da bhva u krema` da q`lkdack laikrhdk

Ckv ckmrkv dac trhbhik da Bettàr vk` e`devfqtebcav# a` ~hrtefqchr# ch lkdachfe`

dac ~rkfavk da acaftrkdk fklk q`h devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc ~hrafa q`

hfeartk el~krth`ta. Ve` albhrmk# ch gkrlqchfe` dac lkdack da acaftrkdkbe~kchr el~cala`thdk a` afqhfekàv da degara`fehv geèthv larafa fearthv

frtefhv.

Chv afqhfekàv da degara`feh geèth xqa lkdach` ac acaftrkdk be~kchr

gqaryh` ~kta`fehc fk`vth`ta a` tkdh ch vq~argefea da ch e`targhva ftkdk,


23/118

E`trkdqffe` 8>

acaftrkcetk# Z6\# Z4\# Z1\# ~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk. Ch h`tarekr fk`defe` da

axqe~kta`fehcedhd vck av wcedh fqh`dk ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk vk`

fk`vth`tav. Avth gqa q`h fk`vedarhfe` a` chv ~relarhv ath~hv da ch lkdachfe`

Z6\. A` ch ath~h ge`hc da lkdachfe` Z4\# Z1\# va fk`vedarh xqa ckv ~kta`fehcav da

acaftrkdk whrh` a` tkdh ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. Fklk va qteceyh` chv levlhv

afqhfekàv da degara`feh# va ~rkdqfa q`h fk`trhdeffe`# ~qav ac ~kta`fehc a` ch

vq~argefea dac lathc `k ravqcth fk`vth`ta. Thc fk`trhdeffe` `k va ohfa aweda`ta

a` chv velqchfekàv# ~krxqa a` ckv mrgefkv da ~kta`fehc lkvtrhdkv Z1\# `k,va

mrhgefh` ckv ravqcthdkv rahcav kbtaèdkv# ~kr vel~cefedhd vck va tklh q`h

lqavtrh dac ~kta`fehc latcefk a` q` ~q`tk dac acaftrkdk u va ra~eta a` tkdh vqvq~argefea# ~kr ck xqa ac ~kta`fehc latcefk veal~ra va h~rafeh fk`vth`ta. Ck

h`tarekr va fkl~rkb hc avtqdehr ac fdemk xqa el~cala`th ac lkdack bhva u

dav~ceamh ckv ravqcthdkv Z7\. Hc mrhgefhr ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv fkrrafthla`ta#

va fkl~rkb xqa av lqu degfec `kthr ac arrkr mrgefhla`ta# ~krxqa ckv

~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk /DW % whrh` rachtewhla`ta lqu ~kfk vkbra fhdh

e`targhva. Ve` albhrmk# fklk va ecqvtrh a` ch Gemqrh 8.4# veal~ra va fqh`tegefh`

`qlrefhla`ta u va fkl~rqabh xqa ac ~kta`fehc latcefk /Wl % `k ravqcth

fk`vth`ta.

Ac oafok da gkryhr hrtegefehcla`ta fk`vth`ta ac ~kta`fehc a` ch

e`targhva fhtdefh# ~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk# el~cefh thlbe` gkryhr

e`àfavhrehla`ta xqa ac waftkr da fhl~k acftrefk vah `krlhc h ch e`targhva a`

tkdh vq vq~argefea# fklk ck varh a` q` lathc. ^kr ctelk# chv afqhfekàv da

degara`feh rachfek`h` ckv ~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk h hlbkv chdkv dac

acaftrkdk be~kchr# da thc lkdk xqa ch krea`thfe` `krlhc dac fhl~k# gkryhdh a`

ch e`targhva fhtdefh# va ~rk~hmh a` feartk mrhdk h ch e`targhva h`defh.


24/118

E`trkdqffe` 88

7.8

7.82

Wl ZW\ /h% Acaftrkdkv fa`trhdkv

4.741

4.71

6.811

6.87

8.766

8.764

8.761

y

7.2

7.22

Wl ZW\ /b% Facdh hveltrefh

4.7

4.71

6.8

6.81

8.1

8.11

y

Gemqrh 8.49 ^kta`fehcav latcefkv da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav a` lkdack bhva. ^argecav da

~kta`fehc fkrrav~k`dea`tav h facdhv da ch Gemqrh 8.6 ~hrhu


25/118

E`trkdqffe` 82

Hq`xqa chv fk`defekàv gkryhdhv ~kr ac lkdack da Bettàr ~qada`

var h~rkelhdhla`ta wcedhv ~hrh chv fk`gemqrhfekàv u fk`defekàv da

k~arhfe` tklhdhv fklk ragara`feh. Av ~kvebca xqa ac lkdack ravqcta

e`h~rk~ehdk ~hrh fk`gemqrhfekàv u+k fk`defekàv da k~arhfe` lqu degara`tav.

^hrtefqchrla`ta# ~krxqa fklk va a~cefhr# ch gq`fe` xqa datarle`h ckv

~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk /DW% a` fhdh ~q`tk dac acaftrkdk# a` trle`kv da ch

da`vedhd fkrrea`ta# teaà q`h fhrhftarvtefh gqartala`ta `k ceàhc. Avtk ~arleta

~ravqler xqa ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk ~kdrh` taàr q`h gqarta whrehbecedhd

a` fearthv fk`defekàv da k~arhfe`.

Fk` kbiatk da laikrhr ch ~rafeve` da ckv ravqcthdkv u whcedhr ac

lkdack acaftrkavttefk ~hrh ac h`cevev da maklatrhv hrbetrhrehv# fklk chv xqa va

~rata`da vk~krthr fk` ac vkgt}hra xqa va davhrrkcch a` ac ~rava`ta trhbhik# va

e`ta`t davhrrkcchr q` laikr lkdack da acaftrkdk be~kchr. Avta kbiatewk va

ckmr hc davhrrkcchr q` ltkdk ~hrh datarle`hr ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv a`

acaftrkdkv gckth`tav# ac xqa teaà q`h bhva fkl~cathla`ta h`hctefh u fk`vtetqua

q`h el~krth`ta fk`trebqfe` h ch lkdachfe` davhrrkcchdh ~kr Bettàr. Acltkdk davhrrkcchdk va ~qada h~cefhr th`tk h acaftrkdkv qè~kchrav fklk

be~kchrav u h fqhcxqear te~k da maklatrh# `k àfavhrehla`ta rafth`mqchr. A`

~hrtefqchr# ac fk`kfelea`tk dac ~kta`fehc latcefk a` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav

~arleta qteceyhr ch levlh fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k al~cahdh a` acaftrkdkv

qè~kchrav# ravkcwea`dk hv ac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk a` gkrlh fk`vevta`ta.


26/118

E`trkdqffe` 86

8.1 Wevqhceyhfe`

Ch fkrrea`ta acftrefh ~qada var elhme`hdh lhfrkvf~efhla`ta fklk q` gcqik

da hcm` gcqedk acftrefk. Oevtrefhla`ta# ac lkdack da gcqedk gqa ac ~relar

lkdack da ch fkrrea`ta acftrefh Z81\. Ch Wevqhceyhfe` da Gcqikv iqamh q`

el~krth`ta rkc a` ch fea`feh a e`maèarh Z5\. Ac ~re`fe~hc davhgk da ch

Wevqhceyhfe` da Gcqikv av a`fk`trhr lhàrhv da ra~rava`thr u wevqhceyhr mrh`dav

fkìq`tkv da dhtkv /lqctedela`vek`hcav u lqctewhrehbcav%# u ohfarck a` q`h

gkrlh xqa vah th`tk lhtaltefhla`ta remqrkvh fklk ~arfa~tebcala`ta trhthbca#

da lkdk da ~rk~krfek`hr oarrhlea`thv h~rk~ehdhv ~hrh h`hceyhr a e`tar~rathrthcav wkclaàv da e`gkrlhfe`.

Dabedk h ch dela`vek`hcedhd da ckv dhtkv maàrhdkv ~kr ac lkdack

acaftrkxqlefk a` avtqdek# ravqcth e`dev~a`vhbca dev~kàr da oarrhlea`thv da

wevqhceyhfe` hdafqhdhv ~hrh vq h`cevev. Ch oarrhlea`th lv el~krth`ta h

davhrrkcchr av q`h xqa ~arleth ch wevqhceyhfe` tredela`vek`hc da q` fhl~k

waftkrehc avthfek`hrek. A` ch e`wavtemhfe` xqa rahcey Bettàr# ch ~chthgkrlh xqaqtecey ~hrh el~cala`thr ac lkdack ~rk~krfek`hbh q`h tfèfh acala`thc# xqa

fk`vevth a` wevqhceyhr waftkrav bedela`vek`hcav fklk gcafohv krea`thdhv# ckv

xqa fkdegefh` ch e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k fk` vq ck`metqd /Gemqrh 8.6 , darafoh%.

Fklk chv gcafohv ~rk~krfek`h` q`h wevqhceyhfe` ckfhc# av degfec fkl~ra`dar ch

avtrqftqrh dac fhl~k waftkrehc# ~qav av àfavhrek ohfar q`h e`tar~kchfe`

la`thc da chv gcafohv hduhfa`tav. Hdalv# fqh`dk chv whrehfekàv da ch

e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k vk` lqu hbrq~thv# chv gcafohv va davwhàfa` u h~krth`

~kfh e`gkrlhfe`. A` ac fhvk tredela`vek`hc# chv gcafohv ravqcth` ~kfk tecav#

~krxqa ch degefqcthd ~hrh datarle`hr vq qbefhfe` av~hfehc ~rkdqfa q`h

fk`gqve` wevqhc.


27/118

E`trkdqffe` 84

Ch ra~rava`thfe` wevqhc da fhl~kv waftkrehcav av q` talh da

fk`te`qh e`wavtemhfe` a` wevqhceyhfe` fea`tgefh# ~ark aevta` tfèfhv

hdafqhdhv ~hrh lqfokv ~rkbcalhv. ^hrh avth h~cefhfe`# va hdk~t ch tfèfh da

wevqhceyhr càhv da gcqik. Av q`h tfèfh ~k~qchr ~kr var derafth u ~kdarkvh.

Hdalv# av ch èfh tfèfh xqa ~arleta q` ra`delea`tk hdafqhdk ~hrh

h~cefhfekàv e`tarhftewhv u xqa# fk` q`h hdafqhdh el~cala`thfe`# ~qada

~rk~krfek`hr q`h afaca`ta ra~rava`thfe` wevqhc. Av q`h tfèfh

~hrtefqchrla`ta tec a` ~rkbcalhv acaftrkvttefkv# dk`da ch maàrhfe` da càhv

da gcqik vkbra vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav ~qada ~rk~krfek`hr q`h hdafqhdh

davfre~fe` da ch avtrqftqrh da q` fhl~k waftkrehc.

A` avta e`gkrla# va dhr `ghvev a` ch davfre~fe` da t~efkv rachtewkv

h wevqhceyhfe` fea`tgefh. Va kleta` dathccav rav~aftk h tfèfhv fk`wa`fek`hcav

da fkl~qthfe` mrgefh Z?\# Z85\.


28/118

Fh~tqck 2 81

Fh~tqck 2

2.8 E`trkdqffe`

Fklk va h`tefe~ a` ch vaffe` 8.4.2# a` avta trhbhik va ckmr laikrhr ac lkdack

bhva# ~re`fe~hcla`ta dabedk hc davhrrkcck da q` ltkdk ~hrh ch datarle`hfe`

dac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav# ac xqa va davfreba a` ch vaffe` 2.6.2. Avth

laikrh ~arleta lkdachr ac acaftrkdk be~kchr vkbra ch bhva da fk`defekàv da

bkrda# a` q`h gkrlh fkl~cathla`ta h`hctefh# ck xqa acele`h ch ravtreffe` da

acaftrkdk chle`hr el~qavth ~kr ch el~cala`thfe` `qlrefh dac lkdack bhva.

Fk` kbiatk da el~cala`thr q` lkdack lv ~rafevk u q`h h~cefhfe`

fkl~qthfek`hc xqa ~rk~krfekà ac lhukr mrhdk da cebarthd# a` fqh`tk h chv

maklatrhv xqa va ~qada` h`hceyhr. A` avta trhbhik# va dafeda el~cala`thr

acaftrkdkv fk` av~avkr whrehbca# a` ckv fqhcav ch rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh kfqrra

a` tkdh ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk# fklk daba kfqrrer a` q` acaftrkdk rahc. Da

avta lkdk# ac lkdack dabarh ~rk~krfek`hr q`h ra~rava`thfe` lv ~rafevh dacga`la`k rahc a` ckv bkrdav da ckv acaftrkdkv# ramekàv da ~hrtefqchr e`tarv# u

~arleterh h`hceyhr maklatrhv lhv whrehdhv. ^hrh el~cala`thr thc lkdack# va

raavtrqftqrh ch lkdachfe` acaftrkvttefh ~rava`thdh a` Z6\# Z4\ u Z1\# ~hrh

fk`vedarhr tkdhv chv ~kvebcav krea`thfekàv da chv e`targhvav.

2

LLLkkkdddaaaccchhhfffeee` TTTrrreeedddeeelllaaa`vvveeekkk`hhhccc dddaaa qqq`hhhFFFaaacccdddhhh dddaaa AAAcccaaaffftttrrrkkk,,,kkkbbbtttaaa`fffeee`


29/118

Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 87

2.2 Gq`dhla`tkv da ch takrh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra

Ac lafhèvlk da fk`dqffe` a` ac acaftrkcetk va bhvh a` ac lkwelea`tk da chv~hrtfqchv fhrmhdhv# ckv ekàv# ckv fqhcav vk` trh`v~krthdkv ~kr trav agaftkv9

agaftk dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc acftrefk /lemrhfe`%# agaftk dac mrhdea`ta da

fk`fa`trhfe` /degqve`% u ac agaftk dac mrhdea`ta da da`vedhd dac acaftrkcetk

/fk`waffe`%.

A` q`h rahffe` da A] da fkbra# ac da~vetk da fkbra ~qada var

hgafthdk ~kr ac rmela` da gcqik# ac xqa da~a`da da ch wackfedhd da ferfqchfe`da ch vkcqfe`# da vqv ~rk~eadhdav gvefhv u da ch maklatrh da ch facdh. Defok

rmela` lkdegefh ch wackfedhd da trh`vgara`feh da lhvh u# ve avth `k av

oklkmàh# ch da~kvefe` da fkbra var oatarkmàh. Hdalv# av ~kvebca ch

rata`ve` dac acaftrkcetk a el~qrayhv# fk` ck xqa ch fhcedhd xqlefh dac ~rkdqftk

~qada var damrhdhdh.

Fk`vedarh`dk ac ~rkfavk acaftrkxqlefk a` ac fqhc va bhvh ch acaftrk,kbta`fe` da fkbra davfretk a` ch vaffe` 8.2 /Gemqrh 8.8# ~me`h 2%# chv

trh`vgkrlhfekàv xqlefhv hvkfehdhv h chv rahffekàv da radqffe` dac e`

f~refk a` ac ftkdk u ch kedhfe` dac hmqh a` ac `kdk# vk` rav~aftewhla`ta9

/2.8% Z \WaFqaFq 64#>#2 >>2 22 * K

2 *O2VK

4


30/118

Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 8=

^hrh xqa va ~rkdqyfh avth rahffe`# va teaà xqa h~cefhr q`h degara`feh da

~kta`fehc a`tra ckv acaftrkdkv# ch xqa daba var lhukr xqa ch degara`feh a`tra ckv

~kta`fehcav da axqecebrek /~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk% da chv valerahffekàv

e`wkcqfrhdhv. A` fk`defekàv da tal~arhtqrh u fk`fa`trhfe` avt`dhr# avth

degara`feh av A>

< >#64ZW\ * /,8#26ZW\% < ,>#?5ZW\. Avtk vemègefh xqa ~hrh

lh`taàr ch rahffe` a` axqecebrek de`lefk a` ch deraffe` av~afegefhdh a`

/2.6%# va daba ~rk~krfek`hr aàrmh fk` q` wkcthia lhukr h >#?5ZW\. Ve va h~cefh

q` wkcthia e`garekr# ch rahffe` kfqrra a` ac va`tedk k~qavtk# fhqvh`dk q`h

fkrrea`ta e`warvh.

Fqh`dk chv fk`defekàv da k~arhfe` vk` thcav xqa ch trh`vgara`feh

da lhvh /degqve`% `k celeth ch wackfedhd da ch rahffe`# avth av fk`trkchdh ~kr

ch trh`vgara`feh da fhrmh /hftewhfe`%. A` avta fhvk# ch gkrlh h~rkelhdh da ch

fhrhftarvtefh fkrrea`ta,wkcthia da ch rahffe` fkrrav~k`da h ch lkvtrhdh a` ch

Gemqrh 2.8/h%. A` avth#i ZH+l2\ av ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta uAR av ac ~kta`fehc

da axqecebrek a` fk`defekàv `k avt`dhr# ac xqa va fhcfqch vam` ch afqhfe` da

@ar`vt Z1\.

Ac krema` dac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk a># hvkfehdk hc fhlbek da ghva#

avth derafthla`ta rachfek`hdk fk` ch gkrlhfe` da ch da`kle`hdh dkbca fh~h

acaftrkxqlefh a` ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Fqh`dk va ~kà a`

fk`thftk dkv ghvav fk` fk`dqftewedhdav acftrefhv vemègefhtewhv va ~rkdqfa q`h

radevtrebqfe` da fhrmh. Ch rame` xqa fk`teaà avth devtrebqfe` va fk`kfa

fklk dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh# uh xqa ac afavk tkthc da fhrmh h q` chdk da che`targhva av da ch levlh lhmètqd u da vem`k k~qavtk hc dac ktrk chdk. Avth

devtrebqfe` da fhrmh fhqvh q` hqla`tk mrhdqhc da ~kta`fehc a` ac e`tarekr da ch

dkbca fh~h# a` ch deraffe` vkcqfe`,acaftrkdk# fklk va lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh

2.8/b%. A` ac lathc va kreme`h q`h da`vedhd vq~argefehc da fhrmh fkrrav~k`dea`ta


31/118

Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 8?

h q` afavk k dgefet da acaftrkàv a` ch fh~h htlefh vq~argefehc. A` ch vkcqfe`

aevta q`h devtrebqfe` da da`vedhd wkcqltrefh da fhrmh# ~ark xqa avth

fk`ge`hdh h q`h yk`h avtrafoh# fquk krda` fkrrav~k`da hc rhdek da ckv ekàv.

AR

i

w>

/h%

^kta`fehc

AcaftrkcetkLathc

Devth`feh

/b%

Gemqrh 2.89 /h% Fhrhftarvtefh fkrrea`ta,wkcthia da q` ~rkfavk da acaftrkdk. /b% Dkbca fh~hacaftrkxqlefh u ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk hvkfehdk.

2.6 Gkrlqchfe` da ch lkdachfe` gvefh

2.6.8 Lkdachfe` acaftrkvttefh

Ac kbiatewk da ch lkdachfe` av kbtaàr ch devtrebqfe` da ch da`vedhd da

fkrrea`ta acftrefh# a` ~hrtefqchr a` ch vq~argefea da ckv acaftrkdkv fhtdefkv# uh

xqa defoh devtrebqfe` va rachfek`h derafthla`ta fk` ch dac da~vetk da fkbra.

Va ravqacwa ac ~rkbcalh a` gkrlh vel~cegefhdh ~hrtea`dk da q`h bhva da avthdk

avthfek`hrek# av dafer# fk`vedarh`dk devtrebqfekàv da fhrmh fk`vth`tav xqa

maàrh` q` fhl~k da fkrrea`tav avthfek`hrehv. Vck va fk`vedarh ch lemrhfe`

fklk lafhèvlk da fk`dqffe`# av dafer# ch fk`dqffe` dabedk hc fhl~kacftrefk. Ck h`tarekr vq~kà xqa ch degqve` av q` ~rkfavk r~edk /fk`trkc ~kr

trh`vgara`feh da fhrmh% u xqa ch vkcqfe` av oklkmàh /`k ohu degara`fehv da

fk`fa`trhfe`%: `k va fk`vedarh ac agaftk dac rmela` da gcqik.


32/118


33/118

Lkdachfe` Tredela`vek`hc da q`h Facdh da Acaftrk,kbta`fe` 2>

A` ladekv oklkmàkv `k aevta da`vedhd da fhrmh acftrefh u ch

afqhfe` da ^kevvk` tklh ch gkrlh da ch afqhfe` da Ch~chfa9

/2.=% 2

W< >

A` ac fhvk da ch facdh a` avtqdek# va fk`vedarh ac acaftrkcetk fklk q`h vkcqfe`

fk`dqftkrh el~argafth oklkmàh# ckv acaftrkdkv fklk fk`dqftkrav ~argaftkv

u chv ~hradav da ch facdh fklk deacftrefk. Cqamk# ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a`

ac e`tarekr da ch vkcqfe` acaftrkctefh xqadh datarle`hdh ~kr ch vkcqfe` da ch

afqhfe` degara`fehc da vamq`dk krda` /2.=%. Ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a` ac

e`tarekr da ckv acaftrkdkv xqadh datarle`hdh ~kr ch fk`defe` da

axqe~kta`fehcedhd da q` fk`dqftkr ~argaftk. Ch oklkmaàedhd da ckv lhtarehcav

el~cefh q`h fk`dqftewedhd fk`vth`ta# ~kr ck xqa ch da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta

~qada var awhcqhdh fqhcethtewhla`ta h trhwv dac fhl~k acftrefk.

Va raxqeara` fk`defekàv da fk`tkr`k ~hrh chv e`targhfav facdh,

acaftrkcetk u acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. ^hrh ac fhvk da fk`thftk a`tra facdh u

acaftrkdk `k va raxqeara fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k hdefek`hc# ~qav a` ch e`targhvava fk`vedarh ac ~kta`fehc ~kr ac chdk dac acaftrkdk# ac xqa va kbteaà ~kr ch

fk`defe` da axqe~kta`fehcedhd. Ch ~relarh fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k vqrma dac

oafok xqa a` q`h e`targhy deacftrefk,fk`dqftkr# ch fkl~kà`ta dac fhl~k

acftrefk `krlhc h ch e`targhva av `qch a` ac chdk dac fk`dqftkr# av dafer9

/2.?% Wx ` < >

A` /2.?% u a` tkdhv chv a~ravekàv gqtqrhv# ` av q` waftkr qèthrek `krlhc h chvq~argefea da q`h e`targhva# krea`thdk ohfeh ac acaftrkcetk.

Ch rame` fkrrav~k`dea`ta h ch dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh av `k

oklkmàh dabedk ch aevta`feh da da`vedhd da fhrmh. Fklk ac h`fok agaftewk


34/118


da avth yk`h av lefrkvf~efk# ch whrehfe` da ~kta`fehc ~rkdqfedh da`trk da ch

yk`h va h~rafeh lhfrkvf~efhla`ta fklk q`h devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc a` ch

e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Hc lkdachr ch dkbca fh~h acaftrkxqlefh fk`

h`fok `qck# ch devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc ~arleta avthbcafar ch vemqea`ta

fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k ~hrh tkdhv chv e`targhfav acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk9

/2.5% W< Wl

DW

dk`da Wav ac ~kta`fehc a` ac chdk dac acaftrkcetk uWlav ac~kta`fehc latcefk# ac

~kta`fehc fk`vth`ta a` ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. Ch lhmètqd da ch

devfk`te`qedhd#DW# av ac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdk# ladedk a` ac va`tedk acaftrkdk

rav~aftk h ch vkcqfe` acaftrkctefh.

Ch fqrwh da ~kchreyhfe` da ch Gemqrh 2.8/h% avthbcafa el~cfethla`ta

ch rachfe` a`tra ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk u ch fkrrea`ta a` fhdh ~q`tk da ch

e`targhy acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Fklk a` Z4\# Z1\# va fk`vedarh q`h h~rkelhfe`

ceàhc da thc rachfe`# ch xqa ~hrh `kdk u ftkdk rav~aftewhla`ta va a~ravh

fklk9

/2.8>% DWH

< aR

*JHI x `

/2.88% DWF

< *aR

JFI x `

dk`da JH

uJF

vk` fk`vth`tav ~kvetewhv hdafqhdhv u aR

av ac ~kta`fehc da

axqecebrek da ch rahffe` xqa kfqrra a` fhdh acaftrkdk. Chv rachfekàv /2.8>% u

/2.88% va a~ravh` waftkrehcla`ta ~hrh xqa# e`da~a`dea`tala`ta da ch

krea`thfe` av~hfehc dac acaftrkdk# veal~ra va fk`vedara ch fkl~kà`ta `krlhc

da ch fkrrea`ta# vhcea`dk a` ac fhvk dac `kdk u a`trh`dk a` ac fhvk dac ftkdk.

Ckv vem`kv degara`tav a` /2.8>% u /2.88% vqrma` dabedk h xqa ch fqrwh da ch

Gemqrh 2.8/h% fk`vedarh ch vetqhfe` dk`da ac wkcthia h~cefhdk va qteceyh ~hrh


35/118


~kchreyhr derafthla`ta ch e`targhy `kdk,acaftrkcetk# a e`warvhla`ta ch e`targhy

ftkdk,acaftrkcetk.

Fk`vedarh`dk chv rachfekàv dhdhv a` /2.4% u /2.1%# chv afqhfekàv/2.8>% u /2.88% va ~qada` ravfreber fk`waèa`tala`ta a` gq`fe` da ~kta`fehcav9

/2.82% DWH

< aR

JHWx `

/2.86% DWF

< *aR

*JFWx `

dk`da av ch fk`dqftewedhd dac acaftrkcetk.

Ve ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv gqarh` whrehbcav e`da~a`dea`tav# chvafqhfekàv /2.=%# /2.?%# /2.5%# /2.82%# /2.86%# iq`tk h ch fk`defe` da

axqe~kta`fehcedhd# gkrlhrh` q` vevtalh da afqhfekàv xqa ~arleterh`

a`fk`trhr ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a` tkdk ac dkleèk da ch facdh. A` ac fhvk

da acaftrkdkv be~kchrav gckth`tav# ac ~kta`fehc latcefk av q`h whrehbca

da~a`dea`ta# cqamk ~hrh fkl~cathr ch vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh av àfavhrek

a`fk`trhr ch gkrlh da datarle`hr ac ~kta`fehc latcefk a` acaftrkdkv gckth`tav#

ck xqa va rahceyh a` ch vemqea`ta vaffe`.

2.6.2 Davhrrkcck da q` ltkdk ~hrh ch datarle`hfe`dac ~kta`fehc da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav

Lh`taèa`dk ch fkoara`feh fk` ch lkdachfe` dac ga`la`k da ch dkbca fh~h

acaftrkxqlefh fklk q`h devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc# va davah a`fk`trhr q`h

rachfe` a`tra ac ~kta`fehc dac acaftrkdk gckth`ta u ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk

a` tkdh ch vq~argefea da ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Fklk va davfreba a`

Z1\# ch gkrlhfe` da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk avth datarle`hdh

gq`dhla`thcla`ta ~kr ckv lafhèvlkv da hfqlqchfe` da fhrmh# dabedk hc


36/118


gcqik da ekàv k acaftrkàv a` ch e`targhva acaftrkdk,acaftrkcetk. Da ch takrh

acaftrklhm`tefh Z81\# va kbteaà q`h rachfe` e`tamrhc dac gcqik da fhrmh

/fkrrea`ta% xqa htrhweavh q`h vq~argefea xqa a`fearrh fhrmh acftrefh# ladeh`ta ch

Afqhfe` da fk`te`qedhd9

/2.84%


37/118


Ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk rateaà` ch e`gkrlhfe` rachtewh hc ~rkfavk da

hfqlqchfe` da fhrmh. Da avta lkdk# hc e`fkr~krhr da hcmq`h gkrlh ch

fk`defe` da fk`tkr`k avthbcafedh a` /2.5% a` ch afqhfe` /2.81%# va kbteaà ch

vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh.

Fk`vedarh`dk chv rachfekàv /2.4% u /2.1%# ch afqhfe` /2.81% av

axqewhca`ta h9

/2.87% >%/%/

*

dV

dWWdW vxvxfqh`dkdV >

Da avta lkdk# ~hrh dV vqgefea`tala`ta ~axqak# va ~qada fk`vedarhr ch

vemqea`ta h~rkelhfe`

/2.8?% WxdvW/x*dv% , W/x%# fqh`dkdV >

Hc fklbe`hr avta ravqcthdk fk` ch fk`defe` dhdh a` /2.5% ravqcth9

/2.85% WxdvW/x*dv% *DW/x% , Wl# fqh`dkdV >


38/118


Ve ch vq~argefea V va devfrateyh a` @ acala`tkv da vq~argefea V# ~hrh @

vqgefea`tala`ta mrh`da# ac e`tamrh`dk da /2.87% va h~rkelh fklk a` /2.85%#

a`tk`fav da /2.87% ravqcth9

/2.2>% Z \ >%/%/8


39/118

Fh~etqck 6 27

Fh~etqck 6

6.8 E`trkdqffe`

Ch fhrhftarvtefh lv htrhftewh da chv càhv da gcqik# av ch fh~hfedhd ~hrh

a`tramhr q`h ra~rava`thfe` fk`te`qh da ch avtrqftqrh dac fhl~k waftkrehc.

Aevta ch celethfe` da `k ~kdar kbtaàr e`gkrlhfe` dac va`tedk da ch càh da

gcqik. ^hrh vq~arhr avth degefqcthd# vqaca` al~cahrva tfèfhv xqa vamla`th` chvcàhv# xqa ~qada` var fklbe`hdhv fk` hèlhfe`. Fklk va e`defh lv

hdach`ta# a` ac fhvk dac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk# av ~kvebca datarle`hr

gfecla`ta ac va`tedk da chv càhv da gcqik bhv`dkva a` ac qvk da fkckr. ^kr avta

lktewk# `k va rahceyhr` avgqarykv hdefek`hcav ~hrh wevqhceyhr ac va`tedk dac

fhl~k# ~krxqa va fk`vedarh lv racawh`ta fk`varwhr ch fhrhftarvtefh da

fk`te`qedhd da chv càhv.

Fkl`la`ta va a`gra`th` dkv ~rkbcalhv fqh`dk va qvh` càhv da

gcqik. Q` ~rkbcalh av xqa ~hrh kbtaàr q`h hdafqhdh ra~rava`thfe` dac fhl~k

waftkrehc# `k av lqu kbwek fklk devtrebqer chv càhv da gcqik a` ac av~hfek#

qvqhcla`ta va raxqeara ~hrtefe~hfe` dac qvqhrek a` thc ~rkfavk. A` avth

6

WWWeeevvvqqqhhhccceeeyyyhhhfffeee` EEE tttaaarrrhhhfffttteeewwwhhh dddaaaFFFhhhlll~~~kkkvvv WWWaaaffftttkkkrrreeehhhcccaaavvv lllaaadddeeehhh`tttaaaCCC aaahhhvvv dddaaa GGGcccqqqiiikkk


40/118

Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta Càhv da Gcqik 2=

h~cefhfe`# avta ~rkbcalh `k aevta# ~qav a` ~rkbcalhv acaftrkavttefkv va

fk`kfa q`h avtrhtameh ~hrh ckmrhr q`h hdafqhdh wevqhceyhfe` da ch avtrqftqrh dac

fhl~k: ch maàrhfe` da càhv h ~hrter da vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav. A` avth

h~cefhfe`# ckv acaftrkdkv fk`vtetqua` hdafqhdhv vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav# a`

~hrtefqchr ~krxqa e`taravh h`hceyhr ac fhl~k `krlhc a` vqv vq~argefeav. A`

fk`vafqa`feh# va ~qada fk`faber q` ltkdk hqtkltefk da maàrhfe` da càhv

da gcqik. Ac vamq`dk ~rkbcalh va rageara h ch celethfe` dac ohrd}hra mrgefk

fk`wa`fek`hc h ch ecqle`hfe` da ~reletewhv da vq~argefea. Ch ecqle`hfe` da chv

càhv av e`dev~a`vhbca ~hrh ckmrhr q`h hdafqhdh ~arfa~fe` da ch krea`thfe`

av~hfehc# ~ark ve` ac vk~krta da ohrd}hra mrgefk av degfec ckmrhr q` ra`delea`tk~hrh q`h h~cefhfe` e`tarhftewh. Q`h k~fe` av wevqhceyhr chv càhv da gcqik fklk

tqbkv fk`vtrqedkv fk` ~kcmk`kv# ~ark avtk radqfa fk`vedarhbcala`ta ch

fh`tedhd da càhv da gcqik wevqhceyhbcav. A` avth h~cefhfe`# va qteceyh q`h

rafea`ta tfèfh da ecqle`hfe` da càhv xqa vq~arh avta e`fk`waèa`ta# hc bhvhr

ch el~cala`thfe` da ch ecqle`hfe` a` ac lh~ak da tatqrh# fhrhftarvtefh xqa

~qada baàgefehrva dac qvk da ohrd}hra mrgefk.

A` vqlh h q`h agefea`ta ecqle`hfe` xqa ghfeceth ch ~arfa~fe` da ch

krea`thfe` av~hfehc# ladeh`ta q` ltkdk xqa ~arleta ch ~arfa~fe` da

~rkgq`dedhd# va ~qada ~rk~krfek`hr q`h hdafqhdh e`defhfe` da ch qbefhfe`

av~hfehc da ch càh da gcqik. Hdefek`hcla`ta# vq ~qada fkckrahr ch càh da gcqik

da hfqardk h q`h fh`tedhd avfhchr# a` `qavtrk fhvk# av racawh`ta wevqhceyhr ac

~kta`fehc acftrefk u ch e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k waftkrehc I . Fklk chv càhv da

gcqik da fkrrea`ta veal~ra va krea`th` dac lhukr h la`kr ~kta`fehc# ac lh~ak

dac ~kta`fehc a` fkckr av vqgefea`ta ~hrh ~arleter datarle`hr ac va`tedk da chv

càhv# fqh`dk vah hlbemqk.


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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta Càhv da Gcqik 2?

^hrh ch el~cala`thfe` da chv fhrhftarvtefhv mrgefhv da ch h~cefhfe`#

va fk`vedarh ac qvk da ch cebrarh mrgefh K~a`MC. Avth cebrarh fk`vtetqua q`h

fk`waèa`ta e`targhva vkgt}hra hc ohrd}hra mrgefk xqa vk~krth tfèfhv

fk`wa`fek`hcav da fkl~qthfe` mrgefh ~hrh ac ra`dare`m da ~q`tkv# càhv u

~kcmk`kv.

6.2 Maàrhfe` da càhv da gcqik

6.2.8 Fk`fa~tkv bvefkv

Chv càhv da gcqik# thlbe` cchlhdhv fqrwhv e`tamrhcav# ~arleta` h~rafehr

mrgefhla`ta ch avtrqftqrh deraffek`hc da q` fhl~k waftkrehc avthfek`hrek. Vk`

trhuaftkrehv# fqukv waftkrav th`ma`tav fke`feda` fk` ac fhl~k waftkrehc.

Fk`vedarh`dk q` fhl~k waftkrehc avthfek`hrek I # ve ch càh da gcqik

va ~hrhlatreyh a` gq`fe` da ch ck`metqd da hrfk # vq trhuaftkreh t /% xqadh

datarle`hdh ~kr ch vemqea`ta afqhfe` degara`fehc9

/6.8% / %%/ss

%/ %


42/118

Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta Càhv da Gcqik 25

6.2.2 E`tamrhfe` da càhv da gcqik a` q` dkleèkdavfrateyhdk

A` /6.8% va e`defh fklk fhcfqchr chv càhv da gcqik a` q` dkleèk fk`te`qk. Acfhvk da e`tarv av fqh`dk I avth dageèdk a` q` dkleèk devfrateyhdk# a` dk`da

va daba qvhr e`tar~kchfe` ~hrh fhcfqchr ac fhl~k a` fkkrda`hdhv e`tarladehv.

A` ch ~rftefh# h la`kv xqa ch mrecch ta`mh q`h ~kbra ravkcqfe`# ckv arrkrav

dabedk h ch e`tar~kchfe` vk` lqfok lv ~axqakv xqa ckv arrkrav fhqvhdkv

~kr q` ~kbra ltkdk `qlrefk da e`tamrhfe` Z5\# Z8=\. ^hrh kbtaàr q`h

hdafqhdh ~rafeve`# va rafklea`dh qvhr ltkdkv da ~hvk hdh~tewkv fk` q`

hdafqhdk fk`trkc dac arrkr. Avtk av ~hrtefqchrla`ta rafkla`dhdk a` ~rkbcalhv

acaftrkvttefkv# dabedk h ch ~rava`feh da ve`mqchredhdav. A` avth h~cefhfe` va

qvhr q` ltkdk bhvhdk a` ac davfretk a` Z8=\# ac fqhc fk`vedarh e`tar~kchfe`

treceàhc u q` ltkdk da e`tamrhfe` Rq`ma,Jqtth da fqhrtk krda`.

H ~hrter da q` ~q`tk x8# ac ltkdk da Rq`ma,Jqtth da fqhrtk krda`

datarle`h ac vemqea`ta ~q`tk x2

vkbra ch càh da gcqik# qbefhdk h q` ~hvk d

dach`ta da x8. Ac ~q`tk va avtelh a` fqhtrk ~hvkv# ladeh`ta ch vemqea`ta

vafqa`feh9

/6.2%/ %

/ % / %628

84228

86

28

828

#

%#/

jxIjjxIj

jxIjxIj 88

*


43/118

Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta Càhv da Gcqik 6>

Ch a~rave` h`tarekr fkrrav~k`da h ch degara`feh a`tra chv avtelhfekàv

a`tramhdhv ~kr q` ltkdk da fqhrtk krda` u q`k da tarfar krda`. A` remkr avth

grlqch avtelh ac arrkr da ch grlqch la`kv ~rafevh# ~ark fklk va e`defh a`

Z8=\# a` ch lhukrh da ckv fhvkv va ~qada qvhr avth avtelhfe` fk` vamqredhd

~hrh fk`trkchr ac thlhk dac ~hvk a` ac ltkdk da fqhrtk krda`.

Ac kbiatewk dac fk`trkc hdh~tewk dac thlhk dac ~hvk# av acamer d th`

mrh`da fklk vah ~kvebca# lea`trhv va vhtevghfa q`h tkcarh`feh da arrkr TKC

av~afegefhdh ~kr ac qvqhrek. ^hrh q` ltkdk da e tamrhfe` da fqhrtk krda`# ac

trle`k da arrkr av ~rk~krfek`hc h d1. ^kr ck th`tk# ve q` thlhk da ~hvk d

maàrh q` arrkr # va ~qada kbtaàr q` thlhk da ~hvk k~teleyhdk d)fk`9

/6.7% dTKC

d d

< 1)

fk` q` ghftkr da vamqredhd d38.

Ac lafhèvlk da fk`trkc dac ~hvk av ac vemqea`ta. Va fhcfqch ac

vemqea`ta ~q`tk# fk` q` ~hvk d u va fhcfqch fk` afqhfe` /6.1%. Ve ss av

lhukr xqa TKC# ac ~q`tk va rafhcfqch qvh`dk ac ~hvk d


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6.2.6 Vacaffe` da ~q`tkv valecch

Q` ~rkbcalh fkl` a` ch wevqhceyhfe` da fhl~kv waftkrehcav qvh`dk càhv da

gcqik av ch hdafqhdh acaffe` da ckv ~q`tkv valecch Z8?\. Edahcla`ta# dabearhfk`trkchrva ch devtrebqfe` da chv càhv da gcqik a` cqmhr da ch devtrebqfe` da ckv

~q`tkv valecch# ~ark av lqfok lv vel~ca fk`trkchr ch devtrebqfe` da ckv

~q`tkv valecch. Fqh`dk av ~kvebca maàrhr q`h mrh` fh`tedhd da càhv da gcqik#

ac ~kvefek`hlea`tk da chv càhv da gcqik ravqcth la`kv el~krth`ta.

Ve ch dewarma`feh dac fhl~k waftkrehc av `k `qch# ch da`vedhd da chv

càhv da gcqik `k ~arlhàfar fk`vth`ta. A` hcmq`hv rahv chv càhv da gcqik~qada` ta`dar h iq`thrva# ~rkdqfea`dk q` hqla`tk da ch da`vedhd ckfhc#

lea`trhv xqa a` ktrhv rahv ~qada` ta`dar h a~h`derva# ~rkdqfea`dk q`h

devle`qfe` da ch da`vedhd ckfhc. A` avtkv fhvkv# ~hrh kbtaàr ravqcthdkv

vhtevghftkrekv fk`trkch`dk vck ch da`vedhd da ckv ~q`tkv valecch# vqaca celethrva

ch ck`metqd da chv càhv da gcqik u# h ~hrter da ckv ~q`tkv valecch# chv càhv va

e`tamrh` q`h levlh ck`metqd ohfeh dach`ta u ohfeh htrv.

^hrh wevqhceyhr ch avtrqftqrh da q` fhl~k acaftrkvttefk ravqcth lqu

fk`waèa`ta qteceyhr vq~argefeav evk~kta`fehcav fklk vq~argefeav valecch# av dafer#

vq~argefeav dk`da va devtrebqua` ~q`tkv valecch oklkmàhla`ta. Avta ltkdk

av lqu tec a` ac fhvk acaftrkvttefk# ~krxqa ac fhl~k acaftrkvttefk veal~ra va

krea`th ~ar~a`defqchr h chv vq~argefeav axqe~kta`fehcav. Avta ltkdk av

~hrtefqchrla`ta tec ~hrh `qavtrk ~rkbcalh# ~krxqa ch dewarma`feh dac fhl~k

acftrefk# u dac fhl~k da fkrrea`tav avthfek`hrehv# av `qch a` ac acaftrkcetk# da

lkdk xqa ch da`vedhd da càhv da gcqik var h~rkelhdhla`ta fk`vth`ta a` ac

e`tarekr da ch facdh.


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6.6 Wevqhceyhfe` da càhv da gcqik

6.6.8 Ecqle`hfe` da càhv a` ac av~hfek

tredela`vek`hc

^hrh q` kbiatk da dela`ve` j0> a` ac av~hfek Aqfcedeh`k da dela`ve` `0j# ch

degara`feh `,j va dageà fklk ch fdela`vek` dac kbiatk. Avth dageèfe` av

racawh`ta ~krxqa ch fdela`vek` datarle`h ch dela`vek`hcedhd dac av~hfek

`krlhc dac kbiatk# ac xqa iqamh q` ~h~ac el~krth`ta a` ch davfre~fe` da ch

e`tarhffe` da ch cqy fk` ac kbiatk. Fqh`dk q` kbiatk teaà fdela`vek` 8# va ca

~qada hvem`hr q` waftkr `krlhc a` gkrlh `htqrhc u va ~qada` h~cefhr ckv

lkdackv da ecqle`hfe` qvqhcav# va daba acamer ac waftkr `krlhc a`tra dkv

~kvebecedhdav. Ve` albhrmk# fqh`dk ch fdela`vek` av lhukr h 8# ac av~hfek

`krlhc avth fkl~qavtk ~kr q` fkìq`tk e`geètk da waftkrav u ac lkdack da

ecqle`hfe` daba var ata`dedk.

Ac fhvk trhthdk a` cebrkv ~k~qchrav vkbra fkl~qthfe` mrgefh av ac

da vq~argefeav a` q` av~hfek tredela`vek`hc# fkrrav~k`dea`ta h kbiatkv da

fdela`vek` 8 /j


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@

C

R

W

Vq~argefea

Gemqrh 6.89 Lkdack da ragcae` ôk`m ~hrh ~reletewhv da vq~argefea.

A` /6.=%# ac ~relar trle`k ra~rava`th ch e`ta`vedhd da ch cqyhlbea`ta dabedk h lcte~cav ragcaekàv a` ac a`tkr`k. Ac vamq`dk trle`k

davfreba ch ragcae` degqvh dabedk h ch Cau da Chlbart. Ckv kbiatkv fk`

ragcae` degqvh ~qrh va kbvarwh` emqhcla`ta brecch`tav davda tkdhv chv

deraffekàv# dabedk h ch e`da~a`da`feh dac waftkr da wevth. Chv ragcaekàv

av~afqchrav va fa`trh` a` ac waftkr da ragcae` R. Ac a~kà`ta v fk`trkch ac

h`fok dac brecck av~afqchr.

A` ac fhvk da ~reletewhv càhv# ch fdela`vek` av 2# ac waftkr `krlhc

u ac waftkr da ragcae` `k avt` dageèdkv a` gkrlh èfh# fklk va lqavtrh a`

ch Gemqrh 6.2/h%# ve`k xqa aevta q` fkìq`tk e`geètk ~hrh fhdh q`k da acckv. Ckv

lkdackv fcvefkv da ragcae` da vq~argefeav va ~qada` maàrhceyhr ~hrh

fdela`vekàv lhukrav h 8# ladeh`ta q` ltkdk ~hrh ch vacaffe` da q` waftkr

~hrtefqchr a` fhdh fkìq`tk. A` Z8\# Bh`jv lqavtrh q`h gkrlqchfe` gvefh da

thcav maàrhceyhfekàv.

^hrh càhv a` 6# ckv ravqcthdkv da ch maàrhceyhfe` dac lkdack da

ecqle`hfe` va a~cefh` h fk`te`qhfe`. ^hrh ch davfre~fe` da ckv waftkrav

vacaffek`hdkv av fk`waèa`ta `kthr xqa# fklk va lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh 6.2/b%#


47/118


fqhcxqear waftkr _ ~qada davfkl~kàrva a` dkv fkl~kà`tav krtkmk`hcav _T

u_@

# fkrrav~k`dea`tav h chv ~rkuaffekàv vkbra T u ac av~hfek `krlhc# thc xqa

_< _@

*_T.

Da tkdkv ckv ~kvebcav waftkrav `krlhcav# va acema ac xqa av fk~ch`hr hc

waftkr da cqy C u hc waftkr qèthrek th`ma`ta h ch càh T. Da tkdkv ckv ~kvebcav

waftkrav da ragcae`# Rva acema thc xqa vq fkl~kà`ta th`ma`ta av k~qavth h ch

fkl~kà`ta th`ma`ta da C# u da lkdk xqa va leèleyh ch devth`feh a`tra Ru

W. Thc waftkr vhtevghfa chv vemqea`tav rachfekàv9

/6.?% TT CR < # u

/6.5%@

@@@

W

WCR <

Va ~kdrh` kbtaàr grlqchv a~cefethv ~hrh @ u W# da lkdk da fhcfqchr ch

e`ta`vedhd ladeh`ta /6.=%. ârk fklk ckv waftkrav vacaffek`hdkv da~a`da` da

ckv waftkrav C uW# av fk`waèa`ta a~ravhr ckv ~rkdqftkv ~q`tkv C@uWR

derafthla`ta a` trle`kv da C# WuT.

Dabedk h ch acaffe` da @ # va kbteaà9

/6.8>% / %222 8 TCCCC@C


48/118


R@

W

C

T

R

Av~hfek

`krlhc hT

Av~hfek

`krlhc hT

CT

CT

C@

/h% /b%Av~hfek da

ragcaxe`

Gemqrh 6.29 Lkdack da ragcae` ôk`m hdh~thdk ~hrh ~reletewhv càhv. /h% ^hrh q`h

~reletewh da càh T# ohu e`geètkv waftkrav `krlhcav ~artaàfea`tav h q` ~ch`k `krlhc a

e`geètkv waftkrav da ragcae`# ~artaàfea`tav h q` fk`k fa`trhdk a` T. /b% Fqhcxqear

waftkr /C% ~qada davfkl~kàrva a` dkv fkl~kà`tav krtkmk`hcav /CT u C@%#

fkrrav~k`dea`tav h chv ~rkuaffekàv vkbra T u ac av~hfek `krlhc.

Ac ~rkdqftk ~q`tk WRva ~qada davfkl~kàr da ch vemqea`ta gkrlh

%/%/ @T@T RRWWRW **


49/118


A` Z8?\ va e`defh ch kbta`fe` da laikrav ravqcthdkv fk` q` whckr ~#WR av àmhtewk u av rhyk`hbca rafkrthrck h fark# ~qav va ~qada fk`vedarhr xqa

a` thc fhvk ac kbvarwhdkr avth dalhvehdk hcaihdk dac av~hfek da ragcae`# da

lkdk xqa `k rafeba cqy ragcaihdh. A` thc fhvk# ch e`ta`vedhd av~afqchr avth dhdh

~kr9

/6.86% / %vvav~afqchr jE %fchl~/ RW <

dk`da fchl~/%# fqh`dk3>.

6.6.2 Ra`dare`m k~teleyhdk da càhv ecqle`hdhv

Dabedk h ch da~a`da`feh da ckv waftkrav @ uRa` ch ~kvefe` da ch gqa`ta da

cqy# ~hrh fhdh `qawh ~kvefe` da ch gqa`ta da cqy va raxqeara ac rafcfqck

h~rk~ehdk da ckv waftkrav `krlhc u da ragcae`# fcfqck xqa `k rahceyh ac

ohrd}hra mrgefk. Cqamk# h ~avhr xqa ac lkdack da ecqle`hfe` da ôk`m av

el~cala`thdk a` ac ohrd}hra mrgefk fk`wa`fek`hc# `k va ~qada qteceyhr a`

gkrlh derafth. A` Z8?\ va davhrrkcch q` ltkdk xqa aweth ac rafcfqck a~cfetk

da ch `krlhc# hc awhcqhr ckv ~rkdqftkv ~q`tkv dageèdkv a` /6.8>% u /6.88%

a~ckth`dk ch fhrhftarvtefh da lh~ak da tatqrh# dev~kèbca a` hfacarhdkrav

mrgefkv. Da lkdk xqa va ~qada rahceyhr ac fcfqck da ch ecqle`hfe` da càhv

fkl~cathla`ta a` ac ohrd}hra mrgefk u hv kbtaàr q`h hcth agefea`feh.

Ac ltkdk vq~kà ch dev~kèbecedhd da q`h HÊ mrgefh velechr h

K~a`MC# ch xqa ~rk~krfek`h q`h e`targhva vkgt}hra hc ohrd}hra mrgefk. A`

avth cebrarh# ~hrh fhdh wrtefa va ~qada av~afegefhr q` waftkr oklkmàk da


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51/118

Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta C`ahv da Gcqik 6?

/6.81%82

82

2

8


52/118


6.6.6 H`tehcehve`m da càhv

Dabedk h ch `htqrhcayh devfrath da ckv dev~kvetewkv da wevqhceyhfe`# chv càhv

wevqhceyhdhv vqaca` ~rava`thr gkrlhv da`thdhv# av~afehcla`ta chv càhv fhveokreyk`thcav k wartefhcav. Ac agaftk va da`kle`h hcehv u ~qada var lqu lkcavtk#

av~afehcla`ta a` h~cefhfekàv e`tarhftewhv. Aevta` whrehv tfèfhv agaftewhv ~hrh

vq~reler ac hcehv# chv xqa ~qada` var vk~krthdhv ~kr ac ohrd}hra mrgefk. Ac

ltkdk qteceyhdk a` ch h~cefhfe` av ac vk~krthdk ~kr K~a`MC Z86\. ^hrh fhdh

q`k da ckv ~acav xqa e`tarfa~th ch càh# va fhcfqch q` whckr da fkbartqrh#

bhvhdk a` ch grhffe` dac rah dac ~ac xqa av fqbearth ~kr ch càh. H

fk`te`qhfe`# ch k~hfedhd da ckv ~acav e`tarfa~thdkv va lqcte~cefh ~kr ac whckr

da fkbartqrh fhcfqchdk. Hc ohbecethr q` lkdk da layfch da k~hfedhdav

hdafqhdk# ac fkckr da fhdh ~ac ravqcth var q`h layfch dac fkckr da ch càh u ac

fkckr dac kbiatk da gk`dk# fk` ck xqa va ckmrh q`h wevqhceyhfe` lqfok lv

fk`te`qh da ch càh.

6.6.4 Fkckrhfe` da chv càhv da gcqik

Ch fkckrhfe` da chv càhv da gcqik ~hrh fkdegefhr q`h fh`tedhd avfhchr ravqcth

q`h oarrhlea`th da wevqhceyhfe` lqu ~kdarkvh. A` `qavtrk fhvk# av da e`tarv

wevqhceyhr ch e`ta`vedhd dac fhl~k waftkrehc u ac ~kta`fehc acftrefk. Ck edahc#

varh ~kdar kbtaàr ckv fkckrav ~hrh chv fkl~kà`tav hlbea`ta u degqvh da q`

lh~h da fkckr# qvh`dk q`h tatqrh e`dahdh ~kr ch fh`tedhd avfhchr h lh~ahr.

Ve` albhrmk# ~hrh el~cala`thr ac lafhèvlk da ecqle`hfe` k~teleyhdk va

qteceyh` chv trav fkl~kà`tav dev~kèbcav dac waftkr da tatqrh oklkmàk# ~kr

ck xqa `k va ~qada fk`vedarhr q` `defa hdefek`hc ~hrh e`dahr ac fkckr.


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Wevqhceyhfe` E`tarhftewh da Fhl~kv Waftkrehcav ladeh`ta Càhv da Gcqik 4>

Ve` albhrmk# ch cebrarh mrgefh K~a`MC ~rk~krfek`h q` lkdk da

lh~ak da tatqrh xqa ravqacwa ac ~rkbcalh# ~qav ~arleta lkdqchr /lqcte~cefhr%

ac fkckr da ch tatqrh fk` ac fkckr bhva dac kbiatk. Ac fkckr bhva va ~qada dageèr

~hrh fhdh wrtefa va~hrhdhla`ta.

Q` e`fk`waèa`ta da avth el~cala`thfe` av xqa ac brecck av~afqchr

ravqcth fkckrahdk# a` cqmhr da var da fkckr fk`vth`ta# fklk avthbcafa ac lkdack

da ecqle`hfe` da ôk`m. Fklk va vahch a` Z8?\# avth av q`h celethfe` la`kr

ve va qvh` fkckrav brecch`tav da bhva. H ~avhr da ravqcthr fkckrahdk# ac brecck

av~afqchr va ~qada eda`tegefhr fchrhla`ta# vea`dk lqu el~krth`ta ~hrh ch

fkl~ra`ve` da ch avtrqftqrh av~hfehc dac fhl~k.

K~a`MC qteceyh ac ltkdk da vklbrahdk e`frala`thc da`kle`hdk

Mkqrhqd Z?\# Z85\# ac fqhc fhcfqch ac fkckr h ck chrmk da q` vamla`tk da càh

ladeh`ta e`tar~kchfe` dac fkckr da ckv wrtefav. ^hrh xqa ac lh~ak a` fkckr da

ch fh`tedhd avfhchr vah vqgefea`tala`ta ~rafevk# va daba celethr ch va~hrhfe`

lelh da ckv wrtefav hduhfa`tav vkbra ch càh da gcqik. Avtk va ~qada ohfar

vel~cala`ta qteceyh`dk hdafqhdhla`ta ac ~hrlatrk dlh

# dageèdk a` ac

~rkfavk da e`tamrhfe` da chv càhv da gcqik /vaffe` 6.2.2%.

6.6.1 ârfa~fe` da ~rkgq`dedhd

^hrh laikrhr ch ~arfa~fe` av~hfehc da avfa`hv tredela`vek`hcav fkl~caihv#

ravqcth lqu el~krth`ta ch vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd. Avth va ckmrh hiqvth`dk acfkckr da ckv kbiatkv da hfqardk h vq devth`feh h ch flhrh. Ac kbiatewk av xqa ckv

kbiatkv lv farfh`kv va kbvarwa` brecch`tav u xqa ckv kbiatkv caih`kv va

kbvarwa` kbvfqrkv.


54/118


A` ac fhvk da chv càhv da gcqik# ohu vetqhfekàv dk`da chv càhv da

gcqik va krda`h`# thcav xqa fk`vtetqua` avtrqftqrhv velechrav h vq~argefeav.

Dabedk h xqa ac lkdack da ecqle`hfe` `k devte`mqa a`tra e`tarekr u atarekr# a`

feartkv fhvkv# ch avtrqftqrh av~hfehc da thcav vaqdk vq~argefeav `k av fchrh h

~relarh wevth. Ch vqmavte` da ~rkgq`dedhd ~qada ghfecethr ch eda`tegefhfe` da

avtrqftqrhv caih`hv u farfh`hv# laikrh`dk ch ~arfa~fe` av~hfehc. Ac

laikrhlea`tk av hq` lv el~krth`ta fqh`dk ckv kbiatkv vk` rkthdkv

e`tarhftewhla`ta.


55/118

Fh~tqck 4 42

Fh~tqck 4

4.8 E`trkdqffe`

^rava`thdkv ckv gq`dhla`tkv tarefkv a` ckv xqa va bhvh avta ~rkuaftk# a` avta

fh~tqck va davfreba` ckv hv~aftkv lv racawh`tav dac devak u ch

el~cala`thfe` dac vkgt}hra davhrrkcchdk.

Dabedk h xqa ac lkdack bhva da ch facdh da acaftrk,kbta`fe` gqa

lkdegefhdk# fk`vafqa`tala`ta ravqct àfavhrek davhrrkcchr q`h `qawhel~cala`thfe` `qlrefh dac lkdack. Dabedk h xqa ckv teal~kv da velqchfe`

~rkladek dac lkdack bhva arh` fk`vedarhbcav# va oeyk q` avgqaryk ~kr

k~teleyhr ch el~cala`thfe` `qlrefh dac `qawk lkdack.

Bhv`dkva a` ck la`fek`hdk a` ch vaffe` 6.2.6 /~me`h 68%# hc

maàrhr ~q`tkv valecch vck a` ch vq~argefea da ckv acaftrkdkv# devtrebqedkv

oklkmàhla`ta# u ve` celethr ch ck`metqd da chv càhv# va av~arh xqa chv càhvda gcqik rafkrrh` ac wkcqla` fkl~catk da ch facdh u rawaca` ch avtrqftqrh mckbhc

dac fhl~k waftkrehc /A k I %. Avth avtrhtameh fk`vtetqua ch bhva da q` ltkdk

hqtkltefk da maàrhfe` da càhv da gcqik el~cala`thdk a` avth h~cefhfe`.

4

DDDaaavvvhhhrrrrrrkkkcccccckkk dddaaa ccchhh HHH~~~ccceeefffhhhfffeee`


56/118

Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 46

Fk` tkdhv vqv fhrhftarvtefhv# ch el~cala`thfe` da chv càhv da gcqik

xqa va fk`tal~c fk`vtetqua q`h oarrhlea`th lqu ~kdarkvh. @k kbvth`ta# va

fk`vedarhrk` hcmq`hv oarrhlea`thv da wevqhceyhfe` hdefek`hcav ~hrh laikrhr ch

gq`fek`hcedhd da ch h~cefhfe`.

4.2 Lkdachfe` `qlrefh da ch facdh daacaftrk,kbta`fe`

4.2.8 Fk`vedarhfekàv u ravtreffekàv dac lkdack

Ac lkdack fk`vedarh q`h facdh fquk dkleèk va radqfa h q` hrramck

tredela`vek`hc da ~q`tkv a` fkkrda`hdhv rafth`mqchrav# qvh`dk q`h qèdhd da

devfrateyhfe` oZl\. ^hrh ~rk~krfek`hr ch lelh gcaebecedhd# ckv acaftrkdkv va

fk`vedarh` fklk ~hrhcaca~~adkv a` ckv fqhcav ch rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh

kfqrra a` tkdh vq vq~argefea. ^hrh ckv acaftrkdkv be~kchrav# fklk a` ac lkdack

davhrrkcchdk ~kr Bettàr# va ckv ravtre`ma h avthr krea`thdkv ~hrhcachla`ta a` q`h

datarle`hdh deraffe`# ~ark ac av~avkr da chv vaffekàv h`defh u fhtdefh va

~qada whrehr e`da~a`dea`tala`ta.

Ch gkrlqchfe` dac lkdack bvefhla`ta degara`feh ac acaftrkdk

be~kchr dac qè~kchr ~kr ac qvk da devte`thv grlqchv da fcfqck da ckv

~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk. Vhcwk ch degara`fehfe` xqa daba ohfarva a`tra

acaftrkdkv qè~kchrav u be~kchrav# ~hrh datarle`hr ve va daba fhcfqchr ac

~kta`fehc latcefk# chv afqhfekàv da bkrda ~hrh hlbkv acaftrkdkv vk` chv

levlhv. ^kr ck h`tarekr# ch el~cala`thfe` dac lkdack qteceyh

fk`waèa`tala`ta q` acaftrkdk maàrhceyhdk# ac xqa ~qada gq`fek`hr fklk

acaftrkdk qè~kchr k be~kchr# vq maklatrh va lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh 4.8/h%. Ch

devte`fe` da vaffe` eyxqeardh u darafoh av ~hrh degara`fehr chv afqhfekàv xqa


57/118


va qvh` ~hrh fhcfqchr ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# afqhfe` /2.82% k /2.86%. A`

acaftrkdkv qè~kchrav va qvh ch levlh afqhfe` a` hlbhv vaffekàv# /2.82% a`

`kdkv u /2.86% a` ftkdkv. A` acaftrkdkv be~kchrav va qvh afqhfe` /2.86% a` ch

vaffe` eyxqeardh u afqhfe` /2.82% a` ch vaffe` darafoh.

Fklk va h~rafeh a` ch Gemqrh 4.8/b%# va aweth xqa ch deweve` a`tra

vaffekàv kfqrrh a` ckv ~q`tkv da ch mrecch da lqavtrak# ~krxqa a` ch deweve` ch

rahffe` av e`dageèdh. Va dageà ch fkkrda`hdh >

~hrh datarle`hr

el~cfethla`ta ch ~kvefe` da ch deweve` da vaffe`. Ve el~kà ch ravtreffe`

83

>

2# ~hrh xqa fhdh vaffe` ta`mh q` av~avkr da ~kr ck la`kv o+2. Ve va

qvh q` av~avkr da o+2 a` hlbhv vaffekàv# ac acaftrkdk k~arh fklk ac acaftrkdk

be~kchr chle`hr lkdachdk ~kr Bettàr.

Gemqrh 4.89 Maklatrh dac acaftrkdk lkdachdk. /h% Avtrqftqrh maàrhc. /b% Dathcca a`va~hrhfe` da vaffekàv eyxqeardh u darafoh# u devfrateyhfe` da ch vq~argefea. /f%

Rachfekàv racawh`tav a` q` acala`tk da vq~argefea

x*dv

x*o`

ux

y

/x8#u

8#y

8%

/x2#u

2#y

2%

/x>#u

8#y

2%

Vaffe`

Darafoh

/h%

jV


58/118


4.2.2 Hcmkretlk da fcfqck

4.2.2.8 Hcmkretlk bvefk

h% Fcfqck da ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc

Ch vkcqfe` dac ~rkbcalh dac ~rkbcalh acaftrkvttefk va rahceyh ladeh`ta ac

ltkdk da degara`fehv geèthv Z1\# Z81\# ac xqa h~rkelh ch afqhfe` degara`fehc

/2.=% u chv fk`defekàv degara`fehcav da bkrda# ~kr afqhfekàv da degara`feh# chv

xqa ravqcth` hc trq`fhr ch a~h`ve` a` varea da Thuckr da q`h gq`fe`. Chv

afqhfekàv da degara`feh datarle`h` ac ~kta`fehc a` fhdh ~q`tk dac acaftrkcetk

a` gq`fe` da ckv ~kta`fehcav da ckv ~q`tkv hduhfa`tav. Chv afqhfekàv ~hrh ac

fcfqck da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk u ckv ~kta`fehcav latcefkv da acaftrkdkv

gckth`tav maàrh` afqhfekàv da degara`feh hdefek`hcav. A` fkìq`tk# chv

afqhfekàv da degara`fehv gkrlh` q` èfk vevtalh da afqhfekàv ceàhcav# fquhv

e`fmèthv vk` ckv ~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk# ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk u ckv

~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav.

^hrh lkdachr ch rahffe` acaftrkxqlefh a` tkdh ch vq~argefea dac

acaftrkdk# va hqla`t fk`vedarhbcala`ta ac fkìq`tk da afqhfekàv da

degara`feh rav~aftk hc xqa va qteceyhbh a` ac lkdack bhva# chv xqa uh arh` q`

`lark h~rafehbca. ^kr avtk va kleta ac dathcca da chv afqhfekàv da degara`feh.

H degara`feh dac lkdack davhrrkcchdk ~kr Bettàr# a` ac xqa vevtalh

da afqhfekàv va ravqacwa ladeh`ta q` ltkdk deraftk# a` avta trhbhik va dafeda

qteceyhr q` ltkdk da vkcqfe` etarhtewk /Mhqvv,Vaedac%# ck xqa va iqvtegefh a` ch

vaffe` 4.2.2.2. Ac trle`k dac ~rkfavk etarhtewk va rahceyh ladeh`ta ac fk`trkc

dac lelk arrkr hbvkcqtk a` ac ~kta`fehc u fk` ch av~afegefhfe` da q` `lark

lelk da etarhfekàv ~hrh fk`trkc da ~kvebca dewarma`feh.


59/118


Ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc a` ac wkcqla` rafth`mqchr da ch facdh va

hclhfa`h fk`waèa`tala`ta a` q` hrramck tredela`vek`hc avfhchr. A` chv

e`targhfav dk`da va ~rkdqfa devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc# a` ac hrramck va

hclhfa`h ac ~kta`fehc fkrrav~k`dea`ta hc acaftrkcetk# vhcwk a` ch e`targhva lathc,

deacftrefk# dk`da va fk`vedarh ac ~kta`fehc dac lathc. A` chv ramekàv

fkrrav~k`dea`tav hc e`tarekr da acaftrkdkv# e`fcqedh ch e`targhva lathc,deacftrefk#

ac ~kta`fehc latcefk va hclhfa`h q`h way ge`hceyhdk ac ~rkfavk etarhtewk.

Chv afqhfekàv ~hrh fhcfqchr ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# /2.82% u

/2.86%# qteceyh` vck ch fkl~kà`ta `krlhc dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc h ch

vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. A` chv hrevthv u wrtefav dac acaftrkdk# ch vq~argefea

`krlhc ~qada var e`dageèdh# ~kr ck xqa va daba` fhcfqchr da gkrlh av~afehc. A`

q` ~q`tk ~artaàfea`ta h q`h hrevth e`tarekr da q` acaftrkdk /hrevth ve` e`fcqer

wrtefav%# ch vq~argefea `krlhc hc mrhdea`ta vck avth dageèdh fqh`dk ch hrevth av

th`ma`ta h ch facdh. A` q` wrtefa da q` acaftrkdk# ch vq~argefea `krlhc hc

mrhdea`ta vck avth dageèdh fqh`dk ac wrtefa av th`ma`ta h q`h hrevth da ch

facdh. Fqh`dk ch vq~argefea `krlhc hc mrhdea`ta avth dageèdh# ac ~kta`fehc daacaftrkdk va fhcfqch fk` /2.82% k /2.86%# vam` fkrrav~k`dh. Ac fretarek xqa va

h~cefh fqh`dk ch vq~argefea `krlhc av e`dageèdh# av fk`vedarhr fklk ~kta`fehc

da acaftrkdk q` ~rkladek da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk wafe`kv. Vck va

fk`vedarh` ckv ~q`tkv wafe`kv a` chv fhrhv hduhfa`tav `k th`ma`tav h ch facdh.

Ac fcfqck da ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdkv gckth`tav raxqeara dageèr

acala`tkv xqa devfratefa` ch vq~argefea dac acaftrkdk. Ch devfrateyhfe` acamedhva lqavtrh a` ch Gemqrh 4.8/b%. Ckv acala`tkv da vq~argefea va fa`trh` a` ch

mrecch da lqavtrak# ravqcth`dk q` acala`tk fk` rah `k fk`vth`taV


60/118

Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 4=

b% Fcfqck dac fhl~k da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta

Q`h way tarle`hdk ac ~rkfavk etarhtewk a` ac xqa va fhcfqch ch devtrebqfe` da

~kta`fehc# va daba datarle`hr ac fhl~k waftkrehc da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta a` bhva

hc fcfqck dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc# fklk avthbcafa` afqhfekàv /2.4% u /2.1%.

Fklk a` ac fhvk da ch devtrebqfe` da ~kta`fehc# ac fhl~k da`vedhd da fkrrea`ta

va hclhfa`h fk`waèa`tala`ta a` q` hrramck tredela`vek`hc xqa ra~rava`th ac

wkcqla` da ch facdh# ~ark a` avta fhvk ac hrramck kbwehla`ta av waftkrehc# a`

fhdh ~q`tk da ch mrecch va daba` hclhfa`hr chv trav fkl~kà`tav avfhchrav dac

fhl~k waftkrehc.

H fk`te`qhfe` va davfreba a` dathcca ch gkrlh a` xqa va rahceyh ac

fcfqck dac mrhdea`ta da ~kta`fehc a` ac wkcqla` da ch facdh.

Dhdk q` ~q`tk ^ fk` ~kta`fehc W# fhdh fkl~kà`ta dac fhl~k acftrefk A

/A#A

u# k A

y% a`^# va fhcfqch qvh`dk ckv ~kta`fehcav da ckv ~q`tkv hduhfa`tav#

WBhfj

uWGkr}hrd

# fkceàhcav a` ch deraffe` da ch fkl~kà`ta / #u ky%. WBhfj

av ac

~kta`fehc dac ~q`tk hduhfa`ta lv farfh`k hc krema` uW

Gkr}hrd ac dac ~q`tk lvcaih`k hc krema`. ^hrh fhdh fkl~kà`ta va devte`mqa` trav hctar`htewhv da fhcfqck

xqa va h~cefh` da~a`dea`dk da ch e`targhva h ch xqa ~artaàfa ^# ~kr aial~ck

~hrh datarle`hrA

chv trav ~kvebecedhdav vk`9

Degara`feh fa`trhc9o

WWÂ Gkr}hrdBhfj

2%/

<

Degara`feh derafth ohfeh htrv9 o WWÂBhfj


61/118

Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 4?

A` chv e`targhfav# va fk`vedarh veal~ra ac fhl~k acftrefk a` ac chdk

dac acaftrkcetk# vhcwk fqh`dk ^ `k teaà q` ~q`tk wafe`k a` ac acaftrkcetk

/e`targhva acaftrkdk,facdh < lathc,deacftrefk%# dk`da va fk`vedarh ac ~kta`fehc

dac lathc u ac fhl~k acftrefk av `qck.

Ac fhvk da degara`feh fa`trhc# va h~cefh fqh`dk ch fkl~kà`ta dac

fhl~k acftrefk av fk`te`qh a` ac ~q`tk ^# av dafer# ckv ~q`tkv hduhfa`tav

~artaàfa` hc acaftrkcetk. Fqh`dk ohu devfk`te`qedhd da ~kta`fehc# va qvh vck ac

~q`tk wafe`k xqa ~artaàfa hc acaftrkcetk /WBhfj

k WGkr}hrd

%.

Chv hrevthv u wrtefav da ckv acaftrkdkv daba` fql~cer ch fk`defek`hda darewhdh `krlhc `qch a` ch e`targhy fk` ckv celetav da ch facdh. Ac fhl~k

acftrefk va eèfehceyh fk` fkl~kà`tav `krlhcav `qchv a` thcav yk`hv# da lkdk

xqa vck va daba` lkdegefhr chv fkl~kà`tav th`ma`fehcav.

4.2.2.2 Fk`waèa`feh u àfavedhd da q` ltkdk etarhtewk ~hrh

vkcqfek`hr ac vevtalh da afqhfekàv

h% Fk`vedarhfekàv vkbra fk`warma`feh

A` q`h ~relarh ath~h da davhrrkcck dac lkdack bhva /lkdack da Bettàr%# va

fk`vedar ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk fk`vth`tav u fk`kfedkv# da lkdk xqa va

ta`h fklk èfhv e`fmèthv ckv ~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk# ckv xqa va

datarle`hbh` ladeh`ta q` vevtalh da afqhfekàv ceàhcav. ^hrh ch vkcqfe` dac

vevtalh da afqhfekàv va fk`vedar ch hctar`htewh da q` ltkdk da vkcqfe`

deraftk fklk lv agefea`ta. ^hrh ~kdar ravkcwar ac vevtalh da afqhfekàv ~kr q`

ltkdk deraftk# chv e`fmèthv daba` avthr krmhèyhdhv fklk q` hrramck

qèdela`vek`hc. Dabedk h xqa chv e`fmèthv va hclhfa`h` q` hrramck

tredela`vek`hc# tqbk xqa h~cefhrva q`h fkvtkvh trh`vgkrlhfe` ceàhc xqa lh~ah

ac dkleèk tredela`vek`hc a` q` hrramck qèdela`vek`hc.


62/118


^kvtarekrla`ta# Bettàr fk`vedar ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk fklk

e`fmèthv hdefek`hcav xqa dabh` datarle`hrva h ~hrter da /2.8>% u /2.88%. A`

cqmhr da ravkcwar q` èfk vevtalh da afqhfekàv xqa e`fcquarh tkdhv chv

e`fmèthv dac vevtalh /~kta`fehcav a` ac acaftrkcetk u ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk%#

Bettàr va~hrk ckv av~hfekv da vkcqfe` u e`fkr~kr q` fefck etarhtewk

hdefek`hc ~hrh hftqhceyhr ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# q`h way kbtaèdk ckv

~kta`fehcav da acaftrkcetk. Av dafer# ravkcwh ~relark ac vevtalh da afqhfekàv

kreme`hc ~hrh datarle`hr ckv ~kta`fehcav dac acaftrkcetk# fk`vedarh`dk fk`vth`tav

ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk# cqamk awhcqhbh ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkdk#

fk`vedarh`dk fk`vth`tav ckv ~kta`fehcav da acaftrkcetk# u ~kvtarekrla`ta ra~athac ~rkfavk a` gkrlh etarhtewh ohvth ckmrhr fk`warma`feh. Avta hcmkretlk ravqct

dewarma`ta u ~hrh ckmrhr fk`warma`feh tqbk xqa e`fkr~krhr hc ~rkfavk etarhtewk

ck xqa da`kle`k ghftkr da hftqhceyhfe`. Ac ltkdk xqa qtecey ~hrh kbtaàr

fk`warma`feh av q` ltkdk fk`wa`fek`hc ~hrh hfacarhr u laikrhr ch

fk`warma`feh da vevtalhv da afqhfekàv ravqactkv ~kr q` ltkdk etarhtewk# va

da`kle`hLtkdk da Vkbrarachihfe` Vqfavewh/VKR%.

E`tqetewhla`ta# a` avta trhbhik va ~a`v xqa ch va~hrhfe` da

av~hfekv da vkcqfe` ~kdh var q`h tfèfh `qlrefhla`ta e`h~rk~ehdh. @k

avthbh a` ckv kbiatewkv dac ~rkuaftk ohfar q` h`cevev `qlrefk dac hcmkretlk

bhva# ~ark fk`kfea`dk hcmq`kv fk`fa~tkv bvefkv rav~aftk h ch fk`warma`feh da

ltkdkv etarhtewkv ~hrh vkcqfek`hr vevtalhv da afqhfekàv Z2\# Z=\# va ~qdk ohfar

q` h`cevev vklark. Avta h`cevev e`defh xqa# ~kr ck la`kv ~hrh ch avtrqftqrh da

chv lhtrefav qteceyhdhv a` avta ~rkbcalh# ch va~hrhfe` da av~hfekv da vkcqfe`

av e`h~rk~ehdh. Ch va~hrhfe` da av~hfekv da vkcqfe` veal~ra e`trkdqfa

~rkbcalhv hdefek`hcav da dewarma`feh hc hcmkretlk# ~rkbcalhv xqa `k

àfavhrehla`ta va ~rava`th` fqh`dk `k va va~hrh` ckv av~hfekv da vkcqfe`.


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Davhrrkcck da ch H~cefhfe` 1>

Ve ac vevtalh da afqhfekàv kreme`hc va oqbearh ravqactk fk` q`

ltkdk etarhtewk# h ~avhr da ohbar oafok ch va~hrhfe` da av~hfekv da vkcqfe`#

h~hra`tala`ta `k ohbrh degara`feh fk` ohbar ravqactk q` èfk vevtalh da

afqhfekàv ~kr q` ltkdk etarhtewk# ~kr ck xqa xqeyv `k va oqbearh`

~rava`thdk ~rkbcalhv da dewarma`feh. Hc ravkcwar ac ~rkbcalh qteceyh`dk q`

èfk vevtalh da afqhfekàv xqa e`fcquh tkdhv chv e`fmèthv# hc ~hrafar av

~kvebca xqa `k va ~rava`ta ac ~rkbcalh da dewarma`feh u xqa `k vah àfavhreh

qteceyhr ch tfèfh VKR. Agaftewhla`ta# ac hcmkretlk da fcfqck qteceyhdk a` avta

~rkuaftk al~cah q` èfk vevtalh da afqhfekàv u `k gqa àfavhrek qteceyhr ch

tfèfh VKR ~hrh ckmrhr fk`warma`feh.

b% Fk`waèa`feh da q` ltkdk etarhtewk

Ac ltkdk etarhtewk av ch laikr k~fe` ~hrh ac te~k da ~rkbcalhv dk`da va

maàrh` vevtalhv da afqhfekàv fk` lhtrefav rhchv u da mrh` dela`ve` Z2\# Z=\#

fklk vqfada a` avta ~rkbcalh. Dabedk h xqa chv lhtrefav e`wkcqfrhdhv a` ch

vkcqfe` dac vevtalh da afqhfekàv ceàhcav h ravkcwar teaà q` lqu ~axqak

~krfa`thia da acala`tkv `k `qckv# q` hcmkretlk etarhtewk ravqcth lv agefea`ta#

~qav fk` q` ltkdk deraftk va rahceyh q`h mrh` fh`tedhd da k~arhfekàv

e`àfavhrehv. Ac ltkdk etarhtewk radqfa ac av~hfek da hclhfa`hlea`tk u ckmrh

lhukr ~rafeve` xqa q` ltkdk deraftk a` ac levlk teal~k da ~rkfavhlea`tk.

^kr aial~ck# va ~qada fqh`tegefhr h ~rekre ac el~hftk da qvhr q` ltkdk

etarhtewk ~hrh vkcqfek`hr `qavtrk ~rkbcalh. Va vq~kà xqa ac fkìq`tk da tkdhv

chv afqhfekàv e`wkcqfrhdhv va ravqacwa fk` q` vevtalh da afqhfekàv da krda`` . Ch afqhfe` da degara`feh geèth ~rkladek ~hrh fhdh ~q`tk av da ch gkrlh

W>


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lqcte~cefhfekàv u dewevekàv xqa rahceyh av `6+6*`

2*`+6. Da avta lkdk# a` ac

teal~k xqa va ravqacwa derafthla`ta ac vevtalh qvh`dk acele`hfe` Mhqvveh`h#

va ~kdrh` rahceyhr h~rkelhdhla`ta `2+8?*`+7 etarhfekàv fk` q` ltkdk

etarhtewk. ^hrh ckv rdaàv e`wkcqfrhdkv avta `lark da etarhfekàv av lqu

mrh`da# fk` avta `lark va ~kdrh ravkcwar lqfohv wafav ac vevtalh fk` q`h

hdafqhdh ~rafeve`.

Q` ltkdk etarhtewk fkrrema ckv arrkrav da radk`dak a e`fcqvk

axqewkfhfekàv da fcfqck h ladedh xqa ac ~rkfavk hwh`yh# hdalv ~arleta

fk`trkchr ch ~rafeve` da ckv ravqcthdkv. ^kr ac fk`trhrek# q` ltkdk deraftk

/acele`hfe` Mhqvveh`h% ~rk~hmh ckv arrkrav da radk`dak a` gkrlh

~rk~krfek`hc h vq krda` u vq `defa da fk`defe`. Q`h wa`thih hdefek`hc dac

ltkdk etarhtewk av xqa fklk fk`defekàv eèfehcav va ~qada` qteceyhr ckv

ravqcthdkv kbtaèdkv a` q`h vkcqfe` ~raweh dac vevtalh# fk` kbiatk da rage`hr

ckv ravqcthdkv.

Avth fchrk xqa a` takrh ch acaffe` e`defhdh ~hrh ravkcwar ac vevtalh

da afqhfekàv ceàhcav av q` ltkdk etarhtewk. Avtk av vamqrk ~hrh q`h

h~cefhfe` avfreth a` q` ca`mqhia da ~rkmrhlhfe` maàrhc# fklk ac xqa va

qteceyh a` avth h~cefhfe` /F**%. Fhba davthfhr xqa a` ch e`wavtemhfe` da

Bettàr va qtecey ac ~hxqata lhtaltefk LHTCHB ~hrh el~cala`thr ckv

hcmkretlkv. Avth ~chthgkrlh avth k~teleyhdh ~hrh hcmkretlkv waftkreyhdkv# da

lkdk xqa ~a`hceyh el~krth`tala`ta hcmkretlkv etarhtewkv. Va ~qdk fkl~rkbhr

xqa bhik LHTCHB# q` ltkdk deraftk ravqcth lv agefea`ta xqa q` ltkdketarhtewk. ârk avtk av q`h afa~fe` xqa vck ~qada dhrva a` hlbea`tav da

~rkmrhlhfe` k~teleyhdkv ~hrh hcmkretlkv waftkreyhdkv# fklk ck av LHTCHB.


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f% @afavedhd da q` ltkdk etarhtewk

Ge`hcla`ta# ac ltkdk etarhtewk `k vck av lv agefea`ta u ~rafevk xqa q

Aplicación Gráfica para el estudio de un Modelo de Celda Electrolítica usando Técnicas de...

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