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Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-1

Est presentacin tiene derechos de autor.

Queda prohibido su distribucin y venta.

www.congresotdah.mx

www.cerebrofeliz.org


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ADHD Goes to School:

Ensuring School Success

Ruth Hughes, PhD

CHADD Consultant

Mary Durheim, BS

CHADD National Past President


International Congress on ADHDMexico City October 2014


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ADHD Academic Challenges

! 90% academic problems

!

25% - 50% Specific Learning Disability (SLD)

! 65% written expression

! 26% math

! 24% spelling

! 19% reading

!

33% - 98% deficits in executive functions! 33% - 50% special education eligible

! Low academic achievement scoresBarkley, Brown, CDC, Mays, Calhoun, Biederman



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Identifying Underlying

Problems



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With the academics?

or

the behavior?

If a student has behavior problems,

where do you intervene first?



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However, behavioral strategies in

conjunction with academicinterventions are most effective.

Atkins, DuPaul

Academic interventionsimprove both academics

and behavior but!

The converse is not true!



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Six Factors Contributing to

School Failure! Many have executive function deficits

! Three year delay in brain maturation

30% developmental delay especially inorganization (age 16 vs. 12)

! Impaired

Reward System

in the brain

! 2/3+ coexisting conditions may be

untreated! 25% - 50% have learning disabilities

! Medication is not working correctlyBarkley, MTA, CDC, Shaw



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School Failure

Seven Specific Tasks / Issues:

! Forgetting assignments, tests, projects

!

Not doing homework; getting zeros! Not taking notes; difficulty copying from board

! Failing tests

! Being disorganized

! Sensory sensitivities (clothing, sounds, smells)

! Difficulty transitioning to new schools

Chris Zeigler Dendy



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Key Teaching Principles



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Learning Pyramid

5%

10%

20%

30%

50%

75%

90%


Lecture

Reading

Audiovisual

Demonstration

Discussion

Practice doing

Teach others

Average studentretention rates

Source: National Training Laboratories, Bethel, Maine


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Key Principles of Instruction

! Brevity activities of short duration

! Variety novelty or the slightest change inthe activity to maintain continued interest

! Structure a consistent routine, enhanced

by a highly organized format of activities

! Engagement active engagement in learning

Clare Jones, Chris Zeigler Dendy



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Emotions are the on/off switch

to learning.

Negative emotions like anxiety, fear,

sadness, or anger disrupt thinking,memory, and learning!

Priscilla Vail

Emotions Impact Learning!



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7 Types of Accommodations

! Shorten assignments retain content and

skill mastery

! Give extended time

! Increase level of support

!

Adjust instructional strategies (input)

! Adjust level of difficulty

! Provide alternatives to writing (output)!

Increase participation responses

(encouragement)Adapted from Wright



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Teaching Strategies

General Tips! Reduce demands on their limited memory

! Use visual cues and reminders

! Give extra guidance and support

! Use interactive learning strategies

! Allow movement exercise, stand-up desk, fidget

toys)

! Allow manipulatives fidget toys

! Use direct instruction to teach skills! Give choices - activities within assignments

! Schedule key classes earlier during dayChris Zeigler Dendy



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Flip Chart Prompt


Use with students who may become impatient whenwaiting or who have a tendency to blurt out.

www.reallygoodstuff.com


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Teaching Strategies

Give Extra Help

! Paired learning

! Peer tutoring

! Teacher aides! Private tutors

Interactive Learning Keep Class Active

! Increase response options

! Dry erase boards response cards

! Hands on learning

! GamesChris Zeigler Dendy



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Classwide Peer Tutoring

(CWPT)

! Increased engagement reduced off-taskbehaviors

! Improved academic performance! Higher student and teacher satisfaction

DuPaul & Stoner



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Peer Interventions

!

Playground monitors

! Peer monitoring plus self-evaluation

!

Peer tutoring! Classwide peer tutoring

! Reciprocal peer tutoring

! Cooperative learning

DuPaul & Stoner



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Study Test Reviews! Give guided lecture notes

! Verbally emphasize key points

# This is important Remember this

! Teach test-taking skills

! Consider games move and discuss

! 3 person teams: answer questions and earn points winning team picks reward

!

Two truths and a lie

! Test review text messaging answers teams

! You Tube skate boarding bones broken

! Record test reviews on iPod or MP3 playersAbney, Zeigler Dendy, Tilton, Deshler



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Test Taking Strategies

! Try brain dumping

! Don

t go back and change answers

! Stick with first choice

! Spend more time on the part worth the most points! Read directions very carefully

! Mark out answers using absolute words always,never, none, all, only

!

True/False with these words are usually false! Often, rarely, generally tend to be true

! Matching questions columns equal, use > once?Deshler, Crutsinger, Rief, Zeigler Dendy



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Assignments

Reduce Written Work and Memory Demands

! Shorten assignments

! Dictate to a scribe

! Use a computer! Reduce note-taking

! NCR (non-carbon replica) paper

! Notes from another student

! Write answers only not questions

! Photocopy textbook page questions write answers

! Give creative assignments

Chris Zeigler Dendy



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Assignments cont

d.

Reduce Written Work and Memory Demands

! Ensure homework is known

! Webpage, row captains, assignment

! Give word banks or calculators

! Provide prompts for essay exams, starter sentences

! Teach memory strategies

! Use graphic organizers

!

Use spell and grammar check! Give an extra book(s) for home

Chris Zeigler Dendy



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Testing and Grading

! Extended time on tests

!

Recognition tests vs. recall

! Hook student on success!

! Adjust grading techniques (if struggling)

! Earn extra credit

! Drop lowest grade

! Correct wrong answers for extra credit

! Accommodations for special statewide

testingChris Zeigler Dendy



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Structure and Supervision

! Recruit other students to help

! Row captains

! Classmates

! Meet at locker after school

! Point of performance supervision

!

Involve teacher aides/parents if a student

struggles

! Check homework completion

! Utilize weekly reportGoldstein, Jones, Zeigler Dendy



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Technology

! Use a computer

! Access academic software

! Inspiration, Kidspiration

!

Make-up courses! Earn extra credit to graduate

! Correspondence courses

! Keyboarding

! iPods/MP3 players

! Books on tape

! NOVAnet (self-paced instructional software)Chris Zeigler Dendy



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Key Reasons for Failure to

Complete Assignments

!

Assignments are too long

! Assignments are too difficult

! Increased demands for executive skills in

middle and high schoolRobert Reid, Chris Zeigler Dendy



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Unique Middle School Challenges:

The ADHD Brick WallIncreased Demands for Executive Function Skills:

! Organization

! Memory!

More complex academic work

! Working independently - getting started

! More homework more teachers

! More complex routines change classes,teachers

Chris Zeigler Dendy



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As a result of EF deficits,

students with ADHD may!

! Avoid tasks

! Exhibit inconsistent performances

can do

it one day but not the next

! Have poor organization skills

! Make

careless errors

! Are unable to double check work for errors

! Have slow executive of paper/pencil tasks

! Produce less written work

Joan Helbing, Chris Zeigler Dendy



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ADHD Academic Profile! Limited working memory capacity

! Slower retrieval of information

from long-term memory

! Forgetful of instructions

homework! Poor reading comprehension

! Difficulty memorizingmultiplication tables and isolated

facts

! Lack memory strategies

! Deficits linked to sleep and time

issuesMel Levine, Chris Zeigler Dendy


Memory

Deficits


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Copyright CHADD, 20142-35

Create a template

for your graphicorganizer.

Chris Zeigler Dendy


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Math Foldables

Copyright CHADD, 20142-36

www.foldables.wikispaces.comDinah Zikes, McGraw Hill


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Teach Memory Strategies

! Rehearsal write or say information

! Mnemonics tricks to aid memory

! Acronyms: Great Lakes HOMES

! Acrostics: metrics King Henry Died MondayDrinking Chocolate Milk

! Choral Response: rhyme/beat Rap Tape

! Chunking: divide into smaller categories

! Contextual Cues use word in sentence! Key Word tie known information and

unknownDeshler, Levine, Zeigler Dendy



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Memory Bracelet


www.reallygoodstuff.com


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have a huge impact on

Reading, Written Language

&

Complex Math Problems

Executive Function Deficits!



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ADHD Academic Profile

! Poor comprehension

! Needs oral input

! Loses place frequently

! Lacks sustained concentration

! Does poorly on long passages

! Has average fluency and wordidentification if no learning

disabilities

! Difficulty memorizing sight words

Helbing


Reading


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Strategies to Improve Reading

! Use clear color film to isolate the key

sentence and slide it down the page

! Label vocabulary words post

! Work on key words list

! Practice wild and wacky strategies write

words in water colors on shower door

! Group in chunks of 6 8 words

! Ask parents to label objects at home chair,

table, bed

Zeigler Dendy



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! Trouble planning/organizing

! Poor mechanics grammar, punctuation, spelling

!

Slow processing speed! Poor fine-motor skills handwriting

Levine, Helbing, Zeigler Dendy

! Limited working memory

! Limit copying from board

! Minimal written output

!

Difficulty getting started! Difficulty selecting top


WrittenLanguage


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Strategies to Improve Writing

Modify Assignments! Give extended time for writing

! Model writing essay overhead

! Reduce amount of written work

! Allow student to dictate report to scribe! Cut and paste written work on computer

! Select key elements to grade content

! Give two grades one each for:

!

Creative content! Grammar/spelling

! Substitute creative assignment video/audio tape

Zeigler Dendy



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Improving Writing Skills


http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar


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! Difficulty memorizing

facts

! Weak math computation

! Poor number alignment

! Difficulty generalizing

concepts

!

Difficulty transitioningfrom concrete to abstract

concepts algebra

Helbing, Zeigler Dendy


Math


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Mastering Math

Modify Teaching Methods! Keep step-by-step problem on board

! Pair with another student paired learning

! Use peer tutoring provide class time

! Use graph paper number alignment

! Teach math short cuts

! Graphic organizers

! Use dry-erase boards

!

Try online algebra NOVAnet

! Try multisensory algebra www.msalgebra.com

Zeigler Dendy



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Student may need

direct instruction of skills and/

or accommodations

Deficits in EF look like!

Laziness or Lack of Motivation


Zeigler Dendy


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Key EF Issues to Accommodate

! Working memory visual cues, prompts

! Writing essays graphic organizer, dictation

! Complex math example on board

! Organization strategies, folder, friend reminds! Processing speed extra time, reduce assignment

! Planning ahead graphic organizer, prompts

! Sense of time watch, prompts

! Long-term projects graphic organizer, 3 partsADHD education is key for all of these issues


Zeigler Dendy


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The typical classroom is a terrible

place for a child with ADHD!

after all we are asking children who

have profound problems attending,organizing and controlling their

actions to spend hours per day

attending, organizing, andcontrolling their actions.


Michael Gordon, Ph.D.

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