"La ortopedia de la imagen" Memoria de Andrea Baeza
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Transcript of "La ortopedia de la imagen" Memoria de Andrea Baeza
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Whkvgrskdad dg Artgs, Bkghbkas y BlnuhkbabkòhCabuitad dg Artg, Dksgñl, ArquktgbturaBarrgra dg Artgs Sksuaigs y Cltleracîa
IA LPTLZGDKA DG IA KNAEGH
Zrlygbtl para lptar ai Eradl Abadënkbl dg Ikbghbkada gh Artgs Sksuaigs yCltleracîa y ai Tîtuil Zrlcgsklhai dg Artksta Sksuai y Cltòeracl
Zrlcgslra Euîa= [ghhycgrtf Ahdrga @gbgrra AvghdañlNgtldòilel= Fuel Narbgil Earbîa Earrkdl
GstudkahtgAhdrga Dahkgia @agza Ean`la
Khbiuyg Sgrskòh Dkektai, BD-PLN
Rahtkael dg Bfkig, Hlvkgn`rg dg 0:14
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Aeradgbknkghtls
A nk cankika plr su khblhdkbklhai aplyl a il iarel dg gstg prlbgsl, gh gspgbkai a
nk fgrnaha naylr plr sgr ia prkngra gh brggr gh nk.
A tldls ils dlbghtgs plr su dgdkbabkòh y ghtrgea.
A nks blnpañgrls y ankels, qukghgs dg uha u ltra nahgra supkgrlh gstar afî
buahdl nás ils hgbgsktë? aightahdl, aplyahdl g khbghtkvahdl bada pasl qug
muhtls dknls a il iarel dg gstls añls.
Ahdrga.
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ÎHDKBG
Záe.
1 KHTPLDWBBKÒH ................................................................................................ 7
0 KHSGRTKEABKÒH ............................................................................................... 3
0.1 Ahtgbgdghtgs? Ia Kdglileîa gh Artg Blhbgptuai ..................................... 3
0.0 Ia knaegh dg ia numgr y gi cgnkhksnl gh gi Artg .................................. 17
0.0.1 Blhstrubbkòh dg kdghtkdad, Rgxl v/s Eëhgrl ....................................... 17
0.0.0 Ia numgr gh ia fkstlrka dgi artg ............................................................. 0:
0.0.2 Wha vkskta ai cgnkhksnl ......................................................................... 21
0.2 Zgrclrnahbg / @ldy-Art ........................................................................... 24
0.4 Clubauit= Ia knplrtahbka gh gi pasl dgi pldgr sl`grahl ai pldgr
rgeuiadlr. .......................................................................................................... 26
2 PGCGPGHTGR ................................................................................................. 44
2.1 Nartfa Plsigr, Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh, (1;57) ................................... 47
2.0 [lol Lhl, But Zkgbg, (1;37) .................................................................... 45
2.2 Ias numgrgs ’rgaigs„ dg Mghhy Ravkiig................................................... 4;
2.4 Abtkvksnl @klpliîtkbl dg Lriah ............................................................... 71
2.7 Khtgrvghbkòh blsnëtkba dg @grhardl Lyarzýh ...................................... 73
2.3 Narkha A`ranlvkb .................................................................................... 76
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2.5 Ngiatk surylradarnl ................................................................................ 30
4 L@PAR ............................................................................................................. 34
4.1 Rkh tîtuil, (0::;) ........................................................................................ 37
4.0 Gat ng, (0:1:) ........................................................................................... 35
4.2 Trabo, (0:11) .............................................................................................. 3;
4.4 B/ 07, (0:11)............................................................................................... 51
4.7 Zgrclrnahbg 1, Lrtlpgdka dg ia knaegh, (0:10) .................................... 57
4.3 Zgrclrnahbg 0, Lrtlpgdka dg ia knaegh KK, (0:10) ................................. 61
4.5 Zgrclrnahbg 2, Dgs/craenghtl, (0:10) ................................................... 62
7 BLHBIWRKLHGR ............................................................................................. ;:
3 PGCGPGHBKAR ................................................................................................ ;4
3.1 Tgxtls ........................................................................................................ ;4
3.0 Knáeghgs ................................................................................................... ;3
5 @K@IKLEPACÎA .............................................................................................. 1:0
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!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. "
1 KHTPLDWBBKÒH
Gsta ngnlrka sg gstrubtura `aml trgs gmgs? gi prkngrl blrrgsplhdg ai aháiksks
tgòrkbl g khvgstkeatkvl dg ils tgnas qug blhstktuygh ia gstrubtura `asg dgi prlbgsl,
dgsarrliil, prldubbkòh y prl`ignátkbas dg ias l`ras prlpkas, ias qug fah skdl
eghgradas a travës dg dkvgrsas gxpgrknghtabklhgs, tahtl gh natgrkaikdad blnl gh
ias dkstkhtas dksbkpikhas vksuaigs (cltleracîa, pgrclrnahbg, khstaiabkòh l vkdgl).
Gh gi sgeuhdl gmg sg prgsghtah rgcgrghtgs artîstkbls y vksuaigs, dgsdg
dlhdg sg gsta`igbgráh ias rgiabklhgs g khciughbkas qug lrkekhah ia `asg tahtl
tgòrkba y prábtkba para ia blhstrubbkòh dg l`ra. @aml gi sustghtl dg gstls dls gmgs,
sg artkbuia gi tgrbgrl, gh gi buai sg prgsghta uh gxtrabtl dg ias khvgstkeabklhgs
rgaikzadas a il iarel dgi prlbgsl abadënkbl, prlplhkghdl uha iîhga gh gi
dgsarrliil dg l`ras, artkbuiáhdlias dgsdg ia prldubbkòh y su gxfk`kbkòh.
Gi blhtghkdl nghbklhadl, ciubtýa gh prlpugstas kdgliòekbas y pliîtkbas
piahtgadas a travës dgi artg, gspgbîckbanghtg prl`ignátkbas dg eëhgrl, dgsdg
dlhdg sg blhcrlhtah ias kdgas prlpugstas, anparadas `aml dkstkhtls skstgnas
prldubtkvls.
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0 KHSGRTKEABKÒH
0.1 Ahtgbgdghtgs? Ia Kdglileîa gh Artg Blhbgptuai
Wha dg ias vgrtkghtgs nás knplrtahtgs ‒fasta hugstrls dîas‒ dghtrl dgi artg
blhbgptuai, gs ia khblrplrabkòh dg uh barábtgr gxtrgnadanghtg kdgliòekbl y
pliîtkbl, qug gvkdghbka prkhbkpainghtg gi pghsar dg uha su`mgtkvkdad
blhtgxtuaikzada gh gi pgrîldl gh gi buai sg tra`ama.
Zgtgr Ls`lrhg (1;76), gh su ik`rl nlhleráckbl Artg blhbgptuai (0::7),
piahtga uha iîhga brlhliòekba dlhdg gvkdghbka qug ils tra`amls blhbgptuaigs blh
uh narbadl ikhgankghtl brîtkbl y pliîtkbl, blnghzarlh gh Iatkhlanërkba a
ngdkadls dg ils 3:‛, ya qug gh Gurlpa l Hlrtganërkba, aýh ia prldubbkòh tghîa
kdgaigs nás clrnaigs. Mustanghtg gh gstg pgrîldl, @raski y Areghtkha gsta`ah
bayghdl `aml dkbtaduras, dlhdg ia prldubbkòh artîstkba blnghzò a rgiabklharsg
blnl uha blhtra rgspugsta a ia vkliabkòh dg ils dgrgbfls funahls, ai barábtgr
dkbtatlrkai y a ias khtgrvghbklhgs buituraigs qug khtghta`ah ahuiar l rgstrkhekr
bkgrtas prlpugstas l nahkcgstabklhgs. Muhtl a giil, ia apgrtura rgcigxkva y brîtkba
dgi blhtgxtl iatkhlangrkbahl, khblrplra prl`ignátkbas nás anpikas, blnl ils
skstgnas dg blnuhkbabkòh dg nasa. A giil, Ls`lrhg añadg?
(!) gstas rgpgrbusklhgs y aibahbg pý`ikbl cugrlh nubfl
naylrgs qug ias dksbrgtas nldkckbabklhgs dg ils clrnatls dg
rgvksta dghtrl dgi nuhdl artîstkbl rgaikzadl plr Erafan y
Rnktfslh. (Ls`lrhg, 0:1:. p 25-26)
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Tai blnl sg dgvgia gh gstg pasamg dg Ls`lrhg, ias prglbupabklhgs dg
artkstas hlrtgangrkbahls blnl Dah Erafan (1;40) y Pl`grt Rnktfslh (1;26-
1;52) aýh blhtkhua`ah gh gxpgrknghtabklhgs gh khbkpkghtgs clrnatls dg rgvkstas,
nkghtras qug gh Iatkhlanërkba, sg egsta`ah nahkckgstls brîtkbls y pliîtkbls dgsdg
ias artgs.
Dghtrl dg gstg nksnl blhtgxtl iatkhlangrkbahl, blnkghzah a surekr
dkstkhtas bligbtkvkdadgs artîstkbas, qukghgs piahtga`ah ikhgankghtls brîtkbls g
kdgliòekbls blhtra ias dkbtaduras, ils ngdkls naskvls y ia dksbrknkhabkòh. Dghtrl
dg gstas bligbtkvkdadgs sg ghbughtra Tubunáh Ardg (1;36), erupl dg artkstas dg
vaheuardka ackikadl a ia blhcgdgrabkòh eghgrai dg tra`aml.
Knaegh H½1= Arbfkvl dkarkl Ia Bapktai dg Plsarkl, nghbkòh sl`rg gi artg pliîtkbl dgi nlvknkghtl’Tubunáh Ardg„, 1;62
Autlr= Dkarkl Ia Bapktai dg Plsarkl
Cughtg= Makng Pkppa
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Blnl sg pugdg vgr gh ia flma dgi dkarkl Ia Bapktai (1;62), ias abbklhgs u
l`ras eghgradas plr gi erupl Tubunáh Ardg slh ghtghdkdas blnl uh tkpl dg artg
blnprlngtkdl, dlhdg sg gvkdghbka uha plstura kdgliòekba pliîtkba, a travës dg ia
prldubbkòh artîstkba. Zlr ltrl iadl, gh hugstrl paîs, tan`këh surekgrlh erupls y
bligbtkvkdadgs blnl rgspugsta pliîtkba y artîstkba a ia dkbtadura dg Aueustl
Zkhlbfgt. Gi erupl BADA (Bligbtkvl Abbklhgs dg Artg), blhclrnadl plr ils artkstas
vksuaigs Iltty Plsghcgid (1;40) y Muah Bastkiil (1;70), gi slbkòilel Cgrhahdl
@aibgiis, ia gsbrktlra Dkangia Gitkt (1;4;) y gi plgta Paýi ]urkta (1;71). Gstg
bligbtkvl, sg barabtgrkzò plr rgaikzar uha sgrkg dg abbklhgs artîstkbas durahtg 1;5;
a 1;67. Erah partg dg ias abbklhgs l pgrclrnahbg aquî rgaikzadas plsgîah uha
erah prldubbkòh, dlhdg sg rgqugrîa ia partkbkpabkòh dg gxtgrhls qug ayudarah gh
su rgaikzabkòh. Wh gmgnpil dg giil cug ia abbkòh ’Zara hl nlrkr dg fan`rg gh gi
artg„ (1;5;)=
Gsta pgrclrnahbg blhsta dg varkas abbklhgs= rgpartkr ia igbfg
ghtrg ia eghtg dg ils `arrkls dg Rahtkael? fabgr uh dgsckig dg
banklhgs dg igbfg plr ias baiigs dg ia bkudad? iianar ia
atghbkòh sl`rg ia pgrclrnahbg blh avksls a páekha ghtgra gh
ils pgrkòdkbls? dgspigear gi nghsamg dgi erupl gh crghtg dg ia
sgdg dg ias Habklhgs Whkdas? aitgrar ia cabfada dg uh nusgl
para trahsnktkr gi tgna dg ia pgrclrnahbg? trahsnktkr uh
dksbursl brîtkbl a travës dg aitavlbgs blilbadls cugra dgi
gdkckbkl dgi BGZAI? y, gh uha eaigrîa dg artg, iighar uha bama
abrîikba blh bkgh `lisas dg igbfg? uh gmgnpiar dgi pgrkòdkbl
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’FL[„ y uha era`abkòh blh ia trahsnkskòh dgi dksbursl
brîtkbl. Gstg vkdgl bikp blhtkghg natgrkai qug prgsghta
abbklhgs dghtrl dg ia eaigrîa. (Fgnkspfgrkb Khstktutg, s.c.)
Gh gsta abbkòh ghblhtranls uha sgrkg dg skn`liksnls y igbturas plsk`igs
gh tlrhl a ils bòdkels utkikzadls. Ia nás sl`rgsaikghtg gs ia rgcgrghbka dkrgbta ai
el`kgrhl dg ia WZ, gi buai gh su prkngr añl dg el`kgrhl dgbiarò qug tldls ils
hkñls gh Bfkig abbgdgrîah a gstg aiknghtl blnl partg dg ia bahasta `áskba, a
dgnás dg ia iubfa blhtra ia pl`rgza gh ia qug sg ghblhtra`ah gi paîs y ia
khbiuskòh/vksuaikzabkòh dg ias blnuhkdadgs narekhadas.
A blhtkhuabkòh gi tgxtl khsbrktl gh ia bama dg gxfk`kbkòh=
’ZAPA ZGPNAHGBGP FARTA QWG HWGRTPL ZWG@IL
ABBGDA A RWR BLHRWNLR @ÁRKBLR DG AIKNGHTLR
ZAPA ZGPNAHGBGP BLNL GI HGEATKSL DG WH
BWGPZL BAPGHTG KHSGPTKDL [ ZIWPAI „
BFKIG ‒ LBTW@PG - 1;5;
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Knaegh H½0= Pgekstrl Abbkòh dg Artg, ’Zara hl nlrkr dg fan`rg gh gi artg„, 1;5;
Autlr= Erupl BADA
Cughtg= Fgnkspfgrkb Khstktutg
Ltra dg ias abbklhgs dgi BADA cug ia brgabkòh dg ia khskehka HL+ (1;64),
qug ai keuai qug ia l`ra/abbkòh ahtgrklr, ia rgaikzabkòh y pugsta gh gsbgha dg ia
l`ra dgpghdîa hgtanghtg dg ias rgiabklhgs slbkaigs qug gsta gmgrbîa? gs dgbkr, gh
gstg basl ia crasg HL+1 iiana`a ai iighadl l blnpigtadl dg ia crasg, apgiahdl a ia
kdghtkckbabkòh ghtrg ils ’gspgbtadlrgs l aeghtgs„ blh gi tgxtl qug piahtga`a ia
l`ra y ai ckhai slh giils a travës dg sus blhskehas ils qug tgrnkhah plr abtkvaria,
l`tghkghdl blnl rgsuitadl dkstkhtas blhskehas blnl= HL+ NWGPTGR, HL+
DGRAZAPGBKDLR, HL+ FAN@PG, HL+ NKGDL, ghtrg ltras.
1 Skdgl Pgekstrl= fttp=//fkdvi.hyu.gdu/vkdgl/::2:;:773.ftni
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Knaegh H½2= Pgekstrl Abbkòh dg Artg, ’HL+„, 1;64
Autlr= Erupl BADA
Cughtg= MLt(g)LILEÎA
Tahtl BADA blnl Tubunáh Ardg, cugrlh rgbkghtgnghtg sgigbbklhadls
para clrnar partg dg ia nugstra ’Zgrdgr ia clrna funaha? uha knaegh sîsnkba dg
ils añls lbfghta gh Anërkba Iatkha„ (0:10), gxplskbkòh ghclbada gh gvkdghbkar ia
përdkda dgi yl khdkvkduai, y gh rgcigxklhar gh tlrhl a ia prldubbkòh artîstkba y ias
dkstkhtas blhhltabklhgs slbkaigs. Adgnás dg giil, bugstklha y prgsghta blnl
prl`ignátkba il blhbgptuai y gi blhbgptuaiksnl, dlhdg gstg ýitknl gs hgtanghtg giartg iatkhlangrkbahl, bareadl dg uha plstura kdgliòekba y brîtkba gh rgiabkòh ai
prlpkl blhtgxtl. (Nusgl Pgkha Rlcîa, 0:10)
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Dghtrl dgi nksnl blhtkhghtg, gh @raski sg dgsarrliia`ah tra`amls dg Fëikl
Lktkbkba (1;25-1;6:) y Iyeka Biaro (1;0:-1;66). An`ls artkstas clrnarlh partg dgi
erupl Crghtg, ghtrg 1;74 y 1;73. Rus prkngrls tra`amls sg rgiabklha`ah blh
gxpgrknghtabklhgs sghslrkaigs pgrbgptuaigs, ias qug cugrlh blhskdgradas
plstgrklrnghtg blnl l`ras hglblhbrgtkstas y dg artg bkhëtkbl. Zgrl muhtl a giil,
adgnás plsgîah uh narbadl barábtgr kdgliòekbl, ikeadl a ia blhtrabuitura qug sg
dgsarrliia`a gh @raski `aml ia dkbtadura (1;34-1;67), pgrîldl gh dlhdg sg
blnkghza a pliktkzar aýh nás gi blhtghkdl dg sus tra`amls, rgaikzahdl l`ras blnl
Trlpkbáika (1;35). Lktkbkba rgaikza`a gh gi Nusgl dg Artg Nldgrhl dg Ral Zauil
uha khstaiabkòh an`kghtai kdgada blnl uh ia`grkhtl gi buai sg dkvkdîa dg dls
sgbbklhgs ’Zghgtrávgks (ZH0, Zurgza æ un nktl, y ZH2, Knaeëtkbl)„ adgnás dg
piahtas, arghas, avgs skivgstrgs, plgnas-l`mgtl, bapas dg Zarahelië y uh aparatl
dg tgigvkskòh.„ (Nusgl Pgkha Rlcka, s.c.). Ia l`ra tghîa blnl l`mgtkvl eghgrar uh
gspabkl rgiabklhadl dkrgbtanghtg blh gi blhtgxtl `raskigrl, gspgbîckbanghtg blh
ias cavgias0 , gxplhkghdl ai gspgbtadlr a uha blhvkvghbka y gxpgrkghbka dkrgbta
blh ëstas, adgnás dg abtkvar uha khtgrabbkòh sghslrkai gh giias.
0 Arquktgbturas prgbarkas dg ias biasgs nás `amas dg @raski.
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Knaegh H½4= Pgekstrl Khstaiabkòh ’Trlpkbaika„, 1;36
Autlr= Fëikl Lktkbkba
Cughtg= @afkaciahgur
Dghtrl dg ias igbturas qug sg ia fah ghtrgeadl a ia l`ra, sg fa`ia dgi
khtghtl dg plhgr ëhcasks gh ias barabtgrîstkbas buituraigs dgs`lrdahtgs dg
Iatkhlanërkba, apgiahdl a ils sghtkdls y ia hgbgskdad dg partkbkpabkòh dgi
gspgbtadlr.
’Trlpkbaika„ sg dgckhg blnl gi prldubtl dg uh iarel prlbgsl dg rgcigxkòh dgi
artksta, dlhdg ëstg bghtra su khtgrës gh bònl khtrldubkr ai gspgbtadlr a ia l`ra y
fabgril partîbkpg dg uha rgiabkòh nás aiiá dgi buadrl `kdknghsklhai. Gh gstg basl
gspgbîckbl, ils khvkta a blhvkvkr blh su rgaikdad nás bgrbaha, qug slh ias cavgias,
sgbugia dgi brgbknkghtl ur`ahl naskckbadl y prgbarkl dg @raski. Gstg gspabkl sg
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vugivg uh iuear eghgradlr dg hugvas rgiabklhgs ghtrg ils prlpkls gspgbtadlrgs y
dg giils blh ia l`ra, gi buai tgrnkha plr vlivgrsg uh gspabkl dg vkhbuiabkòh, a
dkcgrghbka dg ia cavgia gh sî nksna, ia buai apgia a ia sgergeabkòh.
Ltra dg ias artkstas gn`ignátkbas dgi nlvknkghtl dg blhtra buitura `raskigrl,
cug Iyeka Biaro, qukgh ai keuai qug Lktkbkba, sus tra`amls y gxpgrknghtabklhgs sg
abgrbarlh ai barábtgr gxpgrkghbkai y sghslrkai qug prlplhîah uha naylr
khblrplrabkòh dgi pý`ikbl ai artg. Gh gi añl 1;35, rgaikza uha sgrkg dg abbklhgs
blnl ’Násbara A`ksnl„ , l`mgtl rgiabklhai qug blhskstg gh uha násbara, ia buai
sg rgaikzò para sgr utkikzada ghtrg dls sumgtls y qug gxpgrknghtarah ia sghsabkòh
dg rgspkrar gi nksnl akrg. Gstg tkpl dg l`ras, blnl tan`këh ias dg Lktkbkba l gi
erupl BADA, sg barabtgrkzarlh plr prgsghtarsg blnl uha sgrkg dg abbklhgs
artîstkbas dg îhdlig pliîtkbl y slbkai, dlhdg ia khblrplrabkòh dg ils gspgbtadlrgs
gra biavg a ia flra dg egstar y abtkvar ias l`ras. Gstas barabtgrîstkbas tgrnkharlh
plr sgr ias prkhbkpaigs gh gi artg blhbgptuai l blhbgptuaiksnl iatkhlangrkbahl, il
qug blhiigva uh aitl barábtgr kdgliòekbl y brîtkbl, hl sòil a blhtgxtls slbkaigs, skhl
qug ai artg gh sî, khtghtahdl khblrplrar ai pý`ikbl y a gi gspabkl pý`ikbl. Ia
blhstrubbkòh dg gstas l`ras pugdgh blhskdgrarsg blnl uha gstratgeka l uha
ngtldlileîa dg aháiksks? dlhdg ia l`ra hl sòil sg tlrha uh slplrtg gxprgskvl, skhl
qug adgnás, sg artkbuia blnl uh dksbursl, bask skgnprg partkghdl dgsdg uh
bugrpl partkbuiar dkrkekda ai bugrpl slbkai.
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Knaegh H½7= Pgekstrl dg ia násbara u l`mgtl rgiabklhai, ’Násbara A`ksnl„, 1;36
Autlr= Iyeka Biaro
Cughtg= patrkbkaghrgiabklh.`ilesplt.bln
0.0 Ia knaegh dg ia numgr y gi cgnkhksnl gh gi Artg
0.0.1 Blhstrubbkòh dg kdghtkdad, Rgxl v/s Eëhgrl
Muhtl a gstg khtgrës pliîtkbl-kdgliòekbl blnl prábtkba artîstkba, aieuhls artkstas
blnkghzah a egstar gh su prldubbkòh uh dksbursl cugrtgnghtg `asadl gh ia
rgcigxklhar sl`rg bugstklhgs dg eëhgrl. Gh ia naylrîa dg ils basls, il cgnghkhl
sg prgsghta blnl gi sgxl dë`ki crghtg a ia suprgnabîa dg il nasbuikhl, y ias
prl`ignátkbas dg eëhgrl, blnl ghbaskiiankghtls biaskckbatlrkls dg ils khdkvkduls.
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Zara dgsarrliiar gstg puhtl, pldgnls fabgr uh pgqugñl pahgl plr ias
rgcigxklhgs dg aieuhas pgrspgbtkvas ckilsòckbas ghtlrhl ai eëhgrl y gi sgxl, dls
blhbgptls biavgs qug sg dgsarrliiaráh blh ia prldubbkòh qug ahaikzargnls.
Ia dkstkhbkòh nás knplrtahtg ghtrg an`ls tërnkhls gs ia blhstrubbkòh dg
bada uhl dg giils. Zlr uh iadl, gi sgxl rgsplhdg a ias barabtgrîstkbas haturaigs y
`kliòekbas dg ils sgrgs funahls, nkghtras qug gi eëhgrl, rgsplhdg hgtanghtg a
uha blhstrubbkòh buiturai (@utigr, 0::3)
Gspgbîckbanghtg gh rgiabkòh ai eëhgrl, nubfls ckiòslcls blnl @utigr l
Clubauit, rgiabklhah gsta dgtgrnkhabkòh blh uha rgiabkòh hgtanghtg dg pldgr, qug
sg blhstruyg a partkr dg rgiabklhgs slbkaigs y buituraigs, dlhdg ia khdkvkduaikdad gs
dgmada dg iadl, plr ia suprgnabîa dg ils gstáhdargs slbkaigs y buituraigs (@utigr,
0::3=14). A raîz dg gsta dgsvailrabkòh plr ia khdkvkduaikdad l su`mgtkvkdad dg ils
sumgtls, gs qug suregh ias mgrarqukzabklhgs y dkcgrghbkas ghtrg gi eëhgrl
nasbuikhl y cgnghkhl (@utigr= 0::3=17), y adgnás blh ils su`aitgrhls2 qug hl
bagh dghtrl dg ils parángtrls slbkaigs (Rpkvao, 1;;6, p.0).
Tai blnl fa`îanls nghbklhadl, gi sgxl sg rgiabklha hgtanghtg blh uha
gstrubtura `kliòekba-cîskba y quînkba blh ia buai sg habg. Gstl hls iigva a
dgtgrnkhar qug uhl habg blh uh sgxl dgtgrnkhadl, pgrl qug gi eëhgrl gs uh
blhstrubtl slbklbuiturai ya gsta`igbkdl ‒qug nuta muhtl blh ia gvliubkòh dg ias
slbkgdadgs- dgi buai dkcîbkinghtg sg pugdg apartar. Zlr il nksnl gxkstgh bkgrtls
2 Gh gi basl dg Rpy`ao, blnl ltrls autlrgs, utkikzah gi tgrnkhl su`aitgrhl paraadmudkbársgil a tldl khdkvkdul qug hl baiza blh gstáhdargs prlpkls dg ia buitura l dg iasrgeias dg uha dgtgrnkhada slbkgdad, plr il nksnl gstg blhbgptl a qukghgs sg igs abuñapugdg varkar dg blhtgxtl gh blhtgxtl, gs dgbkr plsgg uha nlvkikdad slbkai.
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nlvknkghtls l kdglileîas qug rgvksargnls nás adgiahtg, qug gstáh gh prl dg
prlplhgr ia bapabkdad dg qug tldls ils khdkvkduls slh bapabgs dg blhstrukr su
kdghtkdad dg eëhgrl, y qug ësta hl il dgtgrnkhg a uhl.
@gatrkz Zrgbkadl (1;5:) gh su ghsayl @klpliîtkba dgi Eëhgrl (s.c.),
gsta`igbg blnl uha abbkòh dg abtkvksnl `kl-pliîtkbl ia bapabkdad qug tghgnls dg
ghcrghtarhls a ils skstgnas rgeuiadlrgs, a travës dg ia aprlpkabkòh dg ias
prábtkbas y gstratgekas prlpkas dg gstls skstgnas, qug slh utkikzadls para hlrnar
a ias pgrslhas y sus slbkgdadgs.
Gi ghsayl blnkghza blh ia dgsbrkpbkòh dg uh basl biîhkbl dg
khtgrsgxuaikdad sktuadl gh gi añl 1;76, dgi buai sg dgsprghdgh rgcigxklhgs gh
tlrhl a ia pgrclrnatkvkdad dg ia blhstrubbkòh dgi eëhgrl.
Aehgs, prltaelhksta dg gstg basl biîhkbl, sg prgsghta gh Lbtu`rg dgi 76‛, a
sus 1; añls gh gi Dgpartanghtl dg Zskqukatrîa dg ia Whkvgrskdad dg Baikclrhka gh
Ils Áhegigs, dlhdg gs rgbk`kda plr uh erupl dg prlcgsklhaigs dg dkstkhtas árgas
ghbareadls dg khvgstkear ils basls dg khtgrsgxuaikdad. Ils prkngrls aháiksks qug
sg ig rgaikzah slh dg barábtgr supgrckbkai, blnl gi blilr dg su pkgi, aitura,
dgsbrkpbklhgs dg sus eghktaigs nasbuikhls, prgsghtahdl uh dgsarrliil hlrnai ai
keuai qug ils barabtgrgs sgbuhdarkls blnl gi `ustl, ia ausghbka dg vgiil cabkai,
gtb.
!hl prgsghta skehls dg ’dgsvkabkòh sgxuai„, dg travgstksnl
l dg flnlsgxuaikdad= ’Hl tkghg hada qug pugda dkcgrghbkaria
dg uha mlvgh dg su gdad. Tkghg uh tlhl dg vlz aeudl, hl
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usa ia vgstknghta gxfk`kbklhksta y dg nai eustl qug
barabtgrkza a travgstks y fln`rgs blh prl`ignas dg
kdghtkckbabkòh sgxuai. Ia blhdkbkòh dg plsk`kikdad dgi cuturl
dkaehòstkbl dg eëhgrl gs ahtg tldl gsa blhstatabkòh dg
hlrnaikdad gh tërnkhls dg raza (’`iahba„), dg biasg
’(’tra`ama„) y dg sgxuaikdad (’hl gs travgstk hk flnlsgxuai„).
(Zrgbkadl, 1;;:, p. 1-0 )
Wha vgz qug sg ig rgaikzah tldls ils gxánghgs hgbgsarkls para pldgr
kdghtkckbar su eëhgrl, a Aehgs sg ig blhskdgra blnl uh basl eghukhl dg
fgrnacrldksnl, prlvlbadl plr uh sîhdrlng dg cgnkhkzabkòh tgstkbuiar, plr il qug
pugdg lptar a uha lpgrabkòh dg rgaskehabkòh sgxuai (vaekhlpiastka). Fasta gstg
puhtl gs knplrtahtg dgstabar ia an`keùgdad gh qug sg `asa gi aháiksks para ia
kdghtkckbabkòh dgi eëhgrl dg ia pgrslha, blhdkbklhgs y dgsarrliil slbkai,
blnplrtankghtl y prkhbkpainghtg aparkghbka, pgrl sg rgsbata gi fgbfl dg ils
avahbgs gh ia ngdkbkha a hkvgi qukrýrekbl, pgrl tan`këh ghdlbrkhliòekbl, blnl
rgspugsta a ils dkstkhtls basls dg fgrnacrldksnl prgsghtgs a il iarel dg ia
fkstlrka. Zgrl ltra igbtura prlpugsta dg Clubauit, pghaikza gstg abtl, ya qug
suprkng uha ’hugva„ rgaikdad qug saig dg ia hlrna y ghmukbka gi abtl dgi mlvgh plr
bagr `aml gi blhtrli dg gstls skstgnas. Zgrl iugel dg sgks añls dg rgaikzada ia
lpgrabkòh, Aehgs plhg gh maqug ia plstura dg Clubauit ai blhcgsar su vgrdadgra
fkstlrka.
Aehgs rgiata qug habkò blh uha ahltlnîa nasbuikha hlrnai, pgrl qug gh
su prgadligsbghbka blnghzò a tlnar ias flrnlhas (gstròeghls) dg su nadrg,
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tldl blnghzò blnl uh mugel qug tgrnkhò blh abtls blnl caiskckbabkòh dg ia
rgbgta nëdkba para pldgr lptar a ia blhtkhua ngdkbabkòh y trahsclrnabkòh dg su
prlpkl bugrpl y asî gvghtuainghtg lptar a ia rgaskehabkòh sgxuai.
Gstg basl pgrnktg rgcigxklhar sl`rg ia knplrtahbka dg gstar blhsbkghtgs dg
bònl cuhbklhah ils skstgnas, nëdkbls, pliîtkbls, igeaigs, gtb. [ bònl ëstls
khtgrvkghgh gh ia vkda dg ias pgrslhas. Zgrl adgnás pldgnls a`lrdar ia kdga dg
qug pargbkgra qug gs nás cábki gigekr hugstrl sgxl qug gigekr sl`rg ils
blhdkbklhahtgs dgi eëhgrl? l sg gs ’fln`rg„ l sg gs ’numgr„. Khdgpghdkghtg dg
qug sga uha askehabkòh gh `asg a ils eghktaigs blh ils qug sg habg l plr uha
lpbkòh pgrslhai. Fasta gi dîa dg fly aýh pgrdurah cugrtgnghtg gstas
biaskckbabklhgs, ya qug khdgpghdkghtg dg qug sg fa`ig dg trahsgxuaigs, travgstks l
khbiusl ils fgrnacrldktas, gh tldls ils basls ëstls dgtgrnkhah su knaegh slbkai
`aml uha dg ias dls sgxuaikdadgs, l mugeah a rgprgsghtar an`as, pgrl gh tkgnpls
dkcgrghbkadls, blnl il qug rgaikzah ils travgstks, abbkòh qug para @utigr
gmgnpikckba gi fgbfl dg qug gi eëhgrl gs uha blhstrubbkòh pgrclrnatkva, uh abtl,
qug sg `asa gh ia blhstahtg rgpgtkbkòh rktuaikzada dg nldgils y abtls.
Zlr gstl gs qug gs khtgrgsahtg gi abtl su`vgrskvl qug rgaikza Aehgs, sg
aprlpka y ghtkghdg blnl cuhbklhah gstls skstgnas y sg aprlvgbfa dg giils,
l`tghkghdl il qug qugrîa, a blsta dg muear blh ils prlpkls parángtrls qug sg ig
grah knpugstls. A ckhai dg bughtas, ia knplrtahbka dg ia sgxuaikdad dg ias
pgrslhas tkghg rgiabkòh ýhkbanghtg cîskba, sg tkghg pghg l sg tkghg vaekha, pgrl il
qug rgainghtg gs knplrtahtg para gi ’adgbuadl„ dgsarrliil blnl khdkvkdul slbkai,
gs ia bapabkdad dg ilerar ia nkngsks blh gi nldgil knpugstl, ya qug bada uhl
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dg`g rgsplhdgr dg ia nahgra nás ckgi a ils gstgrgltkpls gsta`igbkdls para bada
sgxl, ils qug rgsuitarîah skghdl ias pkgzas prknlrdkaigs a ia flra dg ia
blhstrubbkòh dgi eëhgrl.
0.0.0 Ia numgr gh ia fkstlrka dgi artg
Dghtrl dg ia fkstlrka dgi artg, dghtrl dg uh aspgbtl kblhliòekbl-sgnkòtkbl, ia ckeura
cgnghkha fa tghkdl tkplileîas nuy partkbuiargs, ias buaigs fah skdl lsbkiahtgs y
barabtgrîstkbas dg dkstkhtls pgrîldls.
Gh ia Zrgfkstlrka, ias rgprgsghtabklhgs dg ia numgr dgvgiah qug gi rli dg
giias hl gra slngtkdl ai varòh, skhl qug nás `kgh ëstg dgpghdîa dg sus cuhbklhgs,
blnl prlbrgadlra, lreahkzadlra y prldubtlra. Khbiusl sg nghbklha qug gi prkngr
erah Dkls dg ia fkstlrka (fabg uhls trgkhta nki añls, sgeýh gstudkls arqugliòekbls)
gra numgr y cug rgblhlbkdl plr nás dg vgkhtg nki añls y qug hl fu`l hkheýh ltrlapartg dg ia ’Erah Dklsa„. Gh gi pgrîldl Zaigliîtkbl Tgnprahl, ia rgprgsghtabkòh
dg ia knaegh cgnghkha gra ia dg uha numgr dgshuda, dg rlstrl dgsckeuradl y dg
ckeura gxu`grahtg u l`gsa, dahdl gspgbkai ëhcasks gh ils sghls, gi pu`ks y gi
vkghtrg, gstl ýitknl rgiabklháhdlsg hgtanghtg blh su cabgta dg dklsa dg ia
prlbrgabkòh y cgbuhdabkòh, adgnás dg badgras ahbfas, apta para rgskstkr gi partl.
A dkcgrghbka dg ia rgprgsghtabkòh dgi ckhai dgi nksnl pgrîldl, dlhdg ia numgr ya
tkghgh uh bugrpl nás gstkikzadl blh rlstrl y cabbklhgs nghls gxaegradls.
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Knaegh H½3= ’Sghus Igspueug„= gstatukiia taiiada gh uh blinkiil dg narcki blrrgsplhdkghtg a iabligbbkòh Sghus4 Zaigliîtkbas. 1;00
Autlr= Arqugòilel Rakht-Zërkgr
Cughtg= Artg-Ia euka0:::
Gh Gekptl, ias rgprgsghtabklhgs tghîah sknkiargs barabtgrîstkbas blh ias dg
ia rgprgsghtabkòh dg ia numgr gh ia Zrgfkstlrka. Gi bugrpl skeug skghdl uha
rgprgsghtabkòh plbl gxabta, rgsaitahdl skgnprg gi trkáheuil pý`kbl, sîn`lil
utkikzadl para rgcgrkrsg a ia Dklsa Nadrg y ils sghls, gh gstg basl, hl gstáh
gxaegradls, pgrl ia dgshudgs dg ils bugrpls skeug prgsghtg y sòil aieuhas slh
rgprgsghtadas dg clrna tlsba, blh pkgrhas erahdgs y eiýtgls adkplsls, sîn`lil,
gh gstg basl, dg `ugha aiknghtabkòh, blhlbkdas blnl ’Danas Skelrlsas„. Il nás
rgsbata`ig dg gstg pgrîldl (Knpgrkl Ahtkeul) gs qug gi dgrgbfl a ia gdubabkòh
+ Ia dghlnkhabkòh dgi ’Sghus„ dg ia bligbbkòh nghbklhada hl rgckgrg ai bahlh dg `giigzaaslbkadl a ia Dklsa Sghus, gh gstg basl fabg rgcgrghbka a ia blhhltabkòh dg nadrg lprlbrgadlra.
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gsta`a a`kgrtl a tldls ils gstratls slbkaigs. Ia numgr tghîa dgrgbfls,
dgsgnpgña`a ia`lrgs buituraigs y gra partîbkpg dg ia vkda pý`ikba, pgrl dg`kdl a ia
cugrtg khciughbka dg ia bkvkikzabkòh Plnaha, plbl a plbl blnghzò a pgrdgr su
prltaelhksnl, tgrnkhahdl plr ahuiar su rli slbkai plr blnpigtl y trahsclrnáhdlsg
gh uha ckeura dg ablnpañankghtl y dg utkikdad.
A ngdkda qug ia rgprgsghtabkòh gekpbka gvliubklha, ils bugrpls gh ia
gsbuitura sg vugivgh nás gstkikzadls y ablrdgs a ia rgaikdad, gxbgptuahdl ias
knáeghgs zllnòrckbas, gxbiuskvas a ia rgprgsghtabkòh dg sus Dklsgs. Ia numgr
tkghg uh rli nghls prltaeòhkbl, sg nugstra bask tltainghtg bu`kgrta, ils vkghtrgs
a`uitadls skn`likzah cgbuhdkdad y sg fabg prgsghtg ia lrhanghtabkòh, bliiargs,
puisgras, tlbadls y zapatls sgeýh gi gstratl slbkai. Zgrl gh ia naylrîa dg ils
basls ia aitura gs khcgrklr a ia dgi fln`rg, rgiabklhadl a ia blhdkbkòh dg pldgr,
auhqug buahdl sg trata dg Dklsgs sg igs rgtrata a ia nksna aitura. A dkcgrghbka dg
gstl, ia pkhtura sg barabtgrkza plr rgprgsghtar gi bugrpl funahl dg pgrcki, piahl,
ghtghdkghdl bada pgrslhamg plr sgparadl y utkikzahdl ia supgrplskbkòh dg giils a
nldl dg pgrspgbtkva.
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Knaegh H½ 5= Gsbuitura dg Aoghatòh y Hgcgrtktk, gh gsta knaegh sg pugdg aprgbkar ia dkcgrghbka dgaitura dg ia numgr plr su blhdkbkòh dg gsplsa. Zgrîldl Anarha, 127:-1224 a.B.
Autlr= R/H
Cughtg= @rkdegnah Art Ik`rary
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Knaegh H½ 6= Gsbuitura Erkgea, ’Acrldkta dgBhkdl„, 23: a.B.
Autlr= Zraxîtgigs
Cughtg= Ukokngdka
Gh Ergbka, ias dkcgrghbkas ghtrg gi
fln`rg y ia numgr sg vgîah
prkhbkpainghtg gh ia rgprgsghtabkòh
vliunëtrkba dg ils fln`rgs qug grah
gsbuipkdls dgshudls y ias numgrgs sg
prgcgrîah vgstkdas. An`ls narbadls plr
uh kdgaiksnl y uha erah prglbupabkòh
ghtrg ias prlplrbklhgs dgi bugrpl y gi
gqukik`rkl dg ils gignghtls. Zlbl a
plbl, ils kdgaigs erkgels blnghzarlh a
dgiknktarsg aýh nás, nlstrahdl numgrgs
skgnprg dgieadas, blh sghls
sl`rgsaikghtgs, lbuitls `aml rlpamgs dg
suavgs pikgeugs, a ils buaigs ig
dgdkbarlh erah knplrtahbka, ya qug
ëstas sknuiah ia cigxk`kikdad y gi
nlvknkghtl dgi natgrkai, adgnás dg
nusils y badgra prlnkhghtgs, pgrl
dgikbadanghtg rgdlhdgadls, skgnprg
dghtrl dg ias ngdkdas gstáhdar. [a gh gi
pgrîldl Fgighîstkbl, ia rgprgsghtabkòh
dgi dgshudl cgnghkhl gs blnpigtl y
iigea a aprgbkarsg dg tai clrna qug
gbikpsa ai dgshudl nasbuikhl. Gi haturaiksnl dg ia clrna bln`khadl ai
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haturaiksnl dg ia plsg, -gs gh gstg pgrîldl gh gi qug gi bugrpl sg blnkghza a
rgprgsghtar gh clrna dg R y ia nahl sg plsa sl`rg gi pu`ks blnl egstl dg
nldgstka l fabkghdl aiuskòh a ia Dklsa Acrldkta- cugrlh ias tëbhkbas qug narbarlh
gstg pgrîldl. Aýh ghclbadl prkhbkpainghtg gh gi vliungh y clrna dg ils sghls,
pgrl blh uha erah prglbupabkòh plr ilerar uha rgprgsghtabkòh rgaiksta dg ias
gxprgsklhgs, egstls, nahls, pkgs, qug gh pgrkldls ahtgrklrgs hl tghîah tahta
knplrtahbka.
Gh gi basl dg ia Gdad Ngdka, ias erahdgs rgprgsghtabklhgs dg ia numgr sg
rgiabklha`ah blh ia rgikekòh, skghdl vîreghgs l dlhbgiias. Ils dgshudls grah
utkikzadls skh uh naylr gcgbtksnl, ëstas sk sg prgsghta`ah skh rlpa sg tapa`ah su
pu`ks y sg vksuaikza`ah dg clrna ahegikbai. Aýh blhtkhua`ah blh uha ckeura
`astahtg kdgaiksta, dlhdg ias ahbfas badgras, pgqugñls pgbfls y a`dlngh
anpikl, dgnlstra`ah ia cgrtkikdad l su rgiabkòh dkvkha dg ananahtankghtl.
Gh gi Pghabknkghtl, sg prldubg uhl dg ils ban`kls nás knplrtahtgs
gpkstgnliòekbls ghtlrhl a ia vkskòh dg nuhdl, dlhdg gi tglbghtrksnl gs ban`kadl
plr uh ahtrlplbghtrksnl? gs dgbkr, Dkls hl gra gi bghtrl dgi nuhdl, skhl qug gi
fln`rg. Ia numgr sg rgiabklha hgtanghtg blh ils gstáhdargs dg `giigza, khbiusl
abgrbáhdlsg a ils dg hugstrl tkgnpl, ias rgprgsghtabklhgs blnkghzah a utkikzar gi
ru`kl para sus ba`giils gh aieuhls basls bask rlmkzls, numgrgs nuy dgieadas y ya
hl tah vliunkhlsas, dg badgras y nusils prlplrbklhadls. @aml ias blhbgpbklhgs
dg gstg nlvknkghtl, gi dgshudl cgnghkhl ilera uh ban`kl crghtg a il qug
fa`îanls l`sgrvadl dg ils ltrls pgrîldls, gi dgshudl gh gstg basl ya hl gs
rgiabklhadl a ia knaegh dg ia Dklsa, ia nadrg y sus blhhltabklhgs dg
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rgprldubbkòh l cgrtkikdad, aflra sg gxpilra dkrgbtanghtg ia sgxuaikdad y gi
grltksnl, plr il qug ias knáeghgs nugstrah numgrgs sgdubtlras ai `lrdg dg il
crîvlil.
Knaegh H½ ;= Gh gsta pkhtura, ’Ia Sghus dlrnkda„, 171:. Rg l`sgrva gi bukdadl gh ia prlplrbkòhdgi bugrpl y ia plsg khspkrada gh báhlhgs erkgels.
Autlr= Eklreklhg (Eklrekl da Bastgicrahbl)
Cughtg= Gi Bubfktrki dgi erkhbf
Gh ltrl piahl y blhtraplhkëhdlsg a ia kdga ahtgrklr, ia numgr tan`këh vugivg
a tghgr ils prkvkigekls qug aieuha vgz tuvl gh ia ëplba dg ils gekpbkls, blnl ia
prglbupabkòh gh gi buitkvl dg ia nghtg y ia partkbkpabkòh gh árgas blnl ias @giias
Artgs y ia Ckilslcîa. Zlr giil sg ig rgprgsghta dkstahtg, blh rlpas qug hl gxaitah
sus atrk`utls cgnghkhls, sk hl blnl uha numgr nas nkstgrklsa, dkcîbki dg dgsbkcrar,
apgiahdl a ia dkstahbka dg ia knaegh crîvlia prlpugsta gh gi dgshudl.
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Knaegh H½1:= Gh gsta pkhtura ’Ia sk`kia Grktrga„, (s.c). Sgnls gi rgbfazl a ils báhlhgs dg ̀ giigza,gi khtgrës sg bghtra gh ia abtkvkdad qug rgaikza ia numgr qug gh ia plsg.
Autlr= Nkeugi Áhegi
Cughtg= Blsskl
Gh gi @arrlbl, nlvknkghtl buiturai qug hl pugdl dgmar dg hln`rar, ya qug
sg rlnpgh tldas ias rgeias dg rgprgsghtabkòh ahtgs nghbklhadas. Aquî gi bugrplsg ik`gra dg ias rîekdas hlrnas y báhlhgs dg `giigza kdgaikzadls y ia numgr
rgtratada gs l`gsa, dg barhgs ciábkdas, y ias pkhturas a`lrdah tgnas blnl ia
nugrtg, ia vgmgz y ils vkbkls. Auhqug gstl hl qukgrg dgbkr qug tldls ils artksta dg
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gstg nlvknkghtl blnpartkgrah ils nksnls nldgils dg rgprgsghtabkòh. Whl dg ils
basls qug sg dkcgrghbka, gs Dkgel Sgiásqugz (17;; - 133:), blh su pkhtura ’Ia
vghus dgi gspgml„ (fabka gi 1346), dlhdg rgaikza uh mugel dg pgrbgpbklhgs, gh ia
qug vgnls a uha `giia mlvgh rgblstada dahdl ia gspaida, gh uh egstl dg dkstahbka
blh gi gspgbtadlr, aiudkghdl a uh nlnghtl îhtknl, pgrl ia prgsghbka dgi gspgml
narba uh qukg`rg, ya qug gi rgcigml nugstra uh rlstrl `rutl, tlsbl, lpugstl a ia
kdgaikzabkòh dgi bugrpl prgsghtadl. Aieuhas khtgrprgtabklhgs aiudgh a qug gi
gspgml hl rgcigma a ia numgr rgtratada, ya qug apuhta fabka gi gspgbtadlr.
[a gh gi hglbiaskbksnl, sg rgutkikza ia knaegh erkgea, rgiabklhada blh ia
pgrcgbbkòh, a pgsar dg qug ias numgrgs gh gstg pgrîldl hl plsgîah uh pldgr blnl
gh ia ahtkeua Ergbka, skhl qug nás `kgh, sg khspkra`ah gh ia numgr blnl uh îblhl
dg ia `giigza.
Gh gi pgrkldl rlnáhtkbl, ia ckeura cgnghkha sg blhtkhua`a rgiabklhahdl blh
ia `giigza, pgrl dgsdg uh aspgbtl haturai, nubfas vgbgs rgiabklhada blh ia
haturaigza, paskvkdad y il ghkenátkbl dg ia `giigza.
Gi Gxprgsklhksnl nlvknkghtl qug sureg gh Aignahka, prlplhg uha rgbfazl
radkbai dg ia rgprgsghtabkòh dg ia ckeura funaha kdgaikzada. Gi artg gxprgsklhksta
sg bghtra gh il ’cgl„, gh il vuiear y a`lrda tgnas ta`ýgs, plbl blnuhgs a il iarel
dg ia fkstlrka. Zldgnls vgr rgprgsghtabklhgs dg numgrgs plbl cgnghkhas, bugrpls
anlrcls y/l asqugrlsls, prlstktutas l gspgrpghtls. Ia numgr pasa dg sgr ia vkregh
basta g khlbghtg a uha cgnng catai, ruda y hkhcònaha.
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Knaegh H½11= Gh gi ’Gi mukbkl dg Zarîs„, 1;10- 12, sg aprgbkah 2 numgrgs, prlstktutas, dlhdg gi autlrghcrghta ia kdga dg ia `ýsqugda dg ia `giigza crahbgsa, blh ia `ýsqugda hgtanghtg dgi sgxl y ilrgprgsghta blh aspgbtl sòrdkdl y dgsaerada`ig.
Autlr= Grhst Iudwke Okrbfhgr
Cughtg= Raturday-hkeft
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Gh ias Saheuardkas, ias buaigs suregh a blnkghzls dgi skeil VV,
cugrtgnghtg khciughbkadas plr blhtgxtls fkstòrkbls blnl ia Zrkngra Eugrra
Nuhdkai (1;14 ‒ 1;16), rlnpgh plr blnpigtl ias rgprgsghtabklhgs biáskbas y sg
vugivgh uh ngdkl dg prltgsta y bugstklhankghtl dg tgnas pliîtkbls-slbkaigs g
khbiusl khstktubklhaigs dgi artg.
Gh ëstas ia ckeura dg ia numgr gs utkikzada dgsdg dkstkhtas pgrspgbtkvas,
prkhbkpainghtg blnl uha nusa khspkradlra para ias artgs pgrl ya hl ghclbadl gh
ia `giigza prlpkanghtg tai. Blnkghzah ias prkngras iubfas plr gi vltl, il qug
dgvgia qug aýh hl gsta`ah khblrplradas blnl keuaigs gh ia slbkgdad. Rus
rgprgsghtabklhgs grah puranghtg sgrvkbkaigs y bunpikghdl cuhbklhgs dg sgeuhda
batgelrîa. Gi gnpldgrankghtl cgnghkhl gh gi artg sureg gh ils añls 3:‛, dlhdg
blnkghzah a rgaikzarsg ias prkngras khtgrrleabklhgs dgi plr quë dg su sktuabkòh.
Wh gmgnpil dg giil, gs khtghtar rgsplhdgr blnl sg vgh a sî nksna, dghtrl dg sus
parángtrls ia`lrgs. Zlr gmgnpil, ia autlra Zatrkbka Nayayl gh su tgxtl Fkstlrkas
dg Numgrgs, fkstlrkas dgi artg (0::2), blnkghza su khvgstkeabkòh dgsdg uha
pgrspgbtkva pgrslhai, bugstklhahdl su ia`lr gh gi auia dg biasgs gh pighls añls
5:‛. Gstl subgdg prkhbkpainghtg plr ia narbada prgplhdgrahbka dg qug gi erah
plrbghtamg dg sus blnpañgrls grah numgrgs? blnl blhtrastg a giil, ils dlbghtgs
bask skgnprg, fln`rgs. Muhtl a gstl, gi rli dg ia numgr blnghzò a apargbgr
dë`kinghtg gh gi pgrîldl dg ias vaheuardkas. Mustanghtg gsta khvksk`kikzabkòh
eghërkba sg trahsclrna gh uha barabtgrîstkba prgplhdgrahtg, pgrl a ia vgz
tltainghtg aparghtg, qug fa skdl avaiada plr skstgnas dg grudkbkòh gh gi artg l gh
ltrls án`ktls dgsdg dksbursls lckbkaigs rgekdls plr il nasbuikhl. Ia prkngra clrna
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gh qug Nayayl sg abgrba a rgsplhdgr sl`rg ia ia`lr dg ia numgr gh gi artg, cug
blh ia partkbkpabkòh abtkva gh gi gstudkl dgi cgnkhksnl gh ils añls 6:, dlhdg sg
ghtgrò dg qug fkstòrkbanghtg ia numgr egsta`a y prldubîa l`ras, pgrl ëstas cugrlh
su`yueadas plr ia fkstlrka. (Nayayl, 0::2).
Ai fabgr uh cueaz pahgl, ia knaegh cgnghkha ‒dgsdg uha pgrspgbtkva
kbòhkba‒ skgnprg l`tuvl ils nksnls iueargs dg vailrabkòh y skehkckbabkòh. Ia numgr
rgcgrkda gra? ia vkregh, blrtgsaha l ia dg aita hl`igza. Rus knáeghgs rgackrna`ah
blhbgpbklhgs dg ëplba y dg blhtgxtl sgeýh su pgrîldl. Wha dg ias barabtgrîstkbas
nás trahsvgrsaigs a gsta knaegh y rli, gs ia ikeabkòh blh ia `giigza, ia buai sg
barabtgrkza`a plr uha gxtrgna l`mgtuaikzabkòh dgi bugrpl. Tai blnl Zatrkbka
Nayayl dgsbrk`g, ia rgiabkòh blh gi cgnkhksnl sg khstaura blnl uha prábtkba
rgcigxkva-brîtkba y prldubtkva, qug hls nltkva fabka uh khtgrës khvgstkeatkvl, qug sg
vkhbuia a ias prlpugstas g kdglileîas khfgrghtgs ai artg blhtgnplráhgl.
0.0.2 Wha vkskta ai cgnkhksnl
Gi cgnkhksnl sg dgckhg blnl uh nlvknkghtl kdgliòekbl qug `lrdga tgnas blnl ia
buitura, gblhlnîa y pliîtkba. Ru cuhdanghtl prkhbkpai gs ia keuaidad dg dgrgbfl
ghtrg numgrgs y varlhgs, prl`ignatkzahdl ia suprgnabîa dgi varòh gh ia buitura y
slbkgdad y, adgnás, gi bugstklhankghtl a ia hlbkòh dg sgxl y eëhgrl qug ya
fgnls nghbklhadl gh gi su`bapîtuil ahtgrklr.
Dghtrl dg ils ilerls nás skehkckbatkvls qug fa tghkdl gstg nlvknkghtl ‒a
hkvgi habklhai blnl khtgrhabklhai‒ gs ilerar uh avahbg gh ia keuaidad ghtrg
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fln`rg y numgrgs, ilerahdl gi vltl dg gstas ýitknas, pgrnktkghdl qug gh varkadls
paîsgs pugdah tghgr blhtrli sl`rg tldls ils prlbgsls rgprldubtkvls y dgi
gn`arazl, khbiusl pgrnktkghdl qug lptgh plr gi a`lrtl gh paîsgs blnl= Gbuadlr,
Areghtkha y @raski.
Ia erah naylrîa dg ias khvgstkeabklhgs sl`rg gi cgnkhksnl tlnah blnl fktl
cuhdabklhai gi vltl dg ia numgr a blnkghzls dgi skeil VV, sgeukdl plr ia erah
ik`grabkòh cgnghkha ghtrg ils 3:‛ y 5:‛. Mustanghtg gstg blhtgxtl, gs cuhdanghtai
para gi dgsarrliil dgi artg cgnkhksta, gi buai gs bataileadl dg gsta clrna plr gi
sknpig fgbfl dg blhtkhuar blh gstas prl`ignátkbas, a`lrdáhdlias dgsdg uh
aspgbtl khtgrrleatkvl, brîtkbl l rgcigxkvl, dgpghdkghdl dg bada sumgtl artksta. Blnl
gs l`vkl, ba`g dgstabar qug gsta prldubbkòh hl sòil gs rgaikzada plr numgrgs, hk
qug tanplbl tldas ias l`ras l artkstas plsggh ias nksnas dkrgbtrkbgs. Tai blnl
sg nghbklhò, ia keuaidad ghtrg fln`rgs y numgrgs gs ia barabtgrîstkba qug
atravkgsa tldas ias plsk`igs vgrtkghtgs l ranas qug dgsghbadgha gi cgnkhksnl.
Rk tuvkëranls qug tlnar uha dg ias artkstas u l`ras gn`ignátkbas sl`rg
gstg tgna, tghdrîanls qug nghbklhar gh prkngra khstahbka gi tra`aml Rgnkltkbs lc
tfg oktbfgh (1;57) dg Nartfa Plsigr 7 (1;42), artksta y tgòrkba hlrtgangrkbaha qug
prl`ignatkza sl`rg gi eëhgrl cgnghkhl dghtrl dg ia buitura. Gh gsta l`ra,
pldgnls l`sgrvar uha rgcigxkòh brîtkba, clrnai y ikeada aýh ai igheuamg3, dg clrna
7 Gh gi bapîtuil 2.1 (Pgcgrghtgs= Nartfa Plsigr), páe. 47 sg gxpikbará blh naylr dgtaiiggsta l`ra.3 Blnl ya nghbklhanls, erah partg dg ias khvgstkeabklhgs qug dkgrlh ba`kda ai artgblhbgptuai, sg rgiabklharlh blh gi igheuamg, gspgbîckbanghtg a su rgiabkòh khtrîhsgbaghtrg igheuamg y artg, ahaikzahdl a an`ls dgsdg uh aháiksks sîehkbl apgiadl a iablnuhkbabkòh.
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sknkiar a l`ras bahòhkbas dgi artg blhbgptuai blnl Wha y trgs skiias (1;37) dg
Mlsgpf Olsutf (1;47) l ils tra`amls ikheùîstkbls dg Iawrghbg Ugkhgr (1;34).
Zlstgrklrnghtg a giil, sg ghbughtrah ias prlpugstas dg ia artksta Nary Ogiiy
(1;41), artksta blhbgptuai gstadluhkdghsg, qug adgnás dg cgnkhksta, gs gsbrktlra
y prlcgslra, y rgaikza uha sgrkg dg tra`amls dgsdg bugstklhankghtls pgrslhaigs gh
rgiabkòh a su baikdad dg numgr, nadrg g fkma. Dghtrl dg giils, ghblhtranls uh
tra`aml audklvksuai-dlbunghtai, qug dgsdg gi 1;52 ai 1;5;, era`a ils prkngrls
sgks añls dg vkda dg su fkml, khtghtahdl gvkdghbkar y rgcigxklhar sl`rg ia rgiabkòh y
vkhbuil nadrg/fkml. Zaraigianghtg a ia rgaikzabkòh y era`abkòh dg gstg gxtghsl
tra`aml, ia artksta rgaikza ltrls gmgrbkbkls blh Oay Fuht (1;22 -0::1) y Nareargt
Farrkslh (1;4:), dlhdg sg khvgstkea sl`rg ia rgiabkòh dg ia numgr y gi tra`aml,
Ulngh ahd Ulro= A Dlbunght kh tfg Dkvksklh lc Ia`lur kh Khdustry , (1;57). Gs uh
l`ra qug ahaikza ia a`ksnahtg `rgbfa dg saiarkls qug gxkstîa -y qug auh skeug
gxkstkghdl- ghtrg fln`rgs y numgrgs, gh gstg basl utkikzahdl blnl gmgnpil uha
gnprgsa ngtaiýrekba dg Ilhdrgs. Ia khvgstkeabkòh tgrnkha gh uha khstaiabkòh
blnpugsta plr cltleracîas, buadrls gstadîstkbls, pgiîbuias y rgprldubbklhgs dg
craenghtls dg ia igy ia`lrai dg dkbfls añls. Gsta ýitkna l`ra fa skdl bataileada
plr Nayayl, blnl uha dg ias l`ras nas dksruptkvas g khbkskvas dghtrl dgi
pahlrana cgnkhksta dg ia ëplba (Nayayl, 0:11, p.15).
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Knaegh H½10= Pgekstrl khstaiabkòh ’Ulngh ahd Ulro= A Dlbunght kh tfg Dkvksklh lc Ia`lur khKhdustry„, 1;57
Autlr= Nary Ogiiy, Oay Fuht y Nareargt Farrkslh
Cughtg= ZLRTNARTGPR
0.2 Zgrclrnahbg / @ldy-Art
Gh gstg bapîtuil, sg gsta`igbg ia rgiabkòh ghtrg bugrpl y dksbursl. Gspgbîckbanghtg
bònl gstg slplrtg, gi bugrpl? îhtknl, khdkvkduai, su`mgtkvkzadl y su`mgtkvkzahtg, gs
uh khsbrkptlr y trahsnkslr dg kdgas, gspgbîckbanghtg gh gstg basl, sl`rg ia
rgiabkòh dgi bugrpl blh ia numgr, y su abgrbankghtl ai cgnkhksnl.
Ia pgrclrnahbg sureg blnl uha prábtkba ikeada hgtanghtg ai artg
blhbgptuai, l plr il nghls `usba abgrbarsg `astahtg ai barábtgr sgnkòtkbl qug
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gstas l`ras prgsghtah. Tai blnl dkbg @utigr (1;73) l Clubauit (1;03-1;64)= gi
bugrpl sg barabtgrkza plr tghgr ia plsk`kikdad dg khsbrk`kr gh ëi, uha sgrkg dg
skehls, ils buaigs plstgrklrnghtg, dgnahdaráh su igbtura (Gdginah, 1;72).
Dghtrl dg ia fkstlrka dg ia pgrclrnahbg suregh varkadls ikhgankghtls
gstëtkbls g kdgliòekbls. Gh gstg basl, sg a`lrdará gi qug blhskdgra gi bugrpl
pgrclrnatkvl blnl trahsnkslr dg dksbursl, dlhdg ia autlra Dkaha Tayilr (1;7:)
hls dkbg=
’ils artkstas fah usadl sus bugrpls para ghcrghtarsg a ils
rgeînghgs dg pldgr y ias hlrnas slbkaigs, y tan`këh para
khsgrtar gi bugrpl crlhtainghtg gh gi qugfabgr artîstkbl„
(Tayilr, 0:10, p.;).
Gh rgiabkòh blh ia ausghbka cîskba dgi bugrpl, añadg=
(...) hl gs hgbgsarkl qug gi artksta gstë prgsghtg gh barhg y
fugsl, gh gi nksnl basl qug su pý`ikbl. Gh 1;62, BADA
iahzò ia banpaña HL+, blhskstg gh paia`ras gsbrktas gh ia
pargdgs dg Rahtkael dg Bfkig khvktahdl ai pý`ikbl a
blnpigtar ia crasg= hl+ vklighbka, hl+ dkbtadura, gtb. Ia
cugrza y prgsghbka dgi artksta sg fabg sghtkr, aýh a dkstahbka.
Gi pý`ikbl tkghg qug blnpigtar gi pgrclrnahbg. (Tayilr, 0:10,
p. 5;).
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Blnl sg pugdg l`sgrvar, dkbfas abbklhgs gia`lradas l rgaikzadas a travës
dgi sumgtl-bugrpl, tan`këh slh blhskdgradas pgrclrnahbg, a il buai dg`grîanls
asunkr qug tldl gmgrbkbkl artîstkbl, dlhdg abtýg gh prknabîa ia blrplraikdad, gs
plsk`ignghtg uha pgrclrnahbg.
Ils prkngrls basls dg utkikzabkòh dgi bugrpl l egstls blrplraigs gh ias
l`ras, cugrlh rgaikzadls plr [vgs Oigkh (1;06 - 1;30) blh sus Ahtrlplngtrîas
(sgrkg dg pkhturas qug sg rgaikzarlh ghtrg gi ckhai dg ils añls 4:‛ fasta ils 3:‛ )?
l`ras qug utkikza`ah gi bugrpl dg numgrgs blnl l`mgtl l ’pkhbgigs vkvls„ blnl ils
iiana`a gi artksta, uha vgz qug ias numgrgs gsta`ah bu`kgrtas dg su partkbuiar
pkhtura azui, Oigkh dkrkeîa gi abbklhar dg sus ’pkhbgigs„. Gh aieuhas lbasklhgs sg
rgaikza`ah ias l`ras blh pý`ikbl prgsghtg. Zlr ltrl iadl, Maboslh Zliilbo (1;10 -
1;73), qukgh gnpiga`a su prlpkl bugrpl blnl egstl blrplrai dgi bflrrgl l
drkppkhe para gia`lrar sus abbklhgs. Ias buaigs blhskstîah prkhbkpainghtg gh
dgrranar nýitkpigs bapas dg pkhtura sl`rg ikghzls flrkzlhtaigs. Gh an`ls basls,
gstls nldgrhkstas sg barabtgrkza`ah plr gi gnpigl dgi bugrpl, dlhdg gi prldubtl
ckhai u l`ra, gra prgsghtadl gh uh clrnadl `kdknghsklhai. Zlstgrklrnghtg a
ngdkadl dg ils 3: sg dgsarrliia uha iîhga nubfl nás pliîtkbl-kdgliòekba, dlhdg
apargbgh artkstas blnl Mlsgpf @guys (1;01 - 1;63), Narkha A`ranlvkb (1;43),
Bkhdy Rfgrnah (1;74), Lriah (1;45), Nartfa Plsigr (1;42), ghtrg nubfls ltrls.
Gstls artkstas sg barabtgrkzarlh plrqug gi bugrpl gra artkbuiadl dgsdg ia pigha
blhsbkghbka plr prl`ignatkzar gi slplrtg, sunadl a sus iubfas g kdgas
pgrslhaigs. Gh gi basl dg @guys, ghblhtranls qug ia utkikzabkòh dgi bugrpl gs
gnpigada gh pigha rgiabkòh pgdaeòekba ghtrg artg y vkda, egstahdl y uhkghdl
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an`ls blhbgptls para gi dgsarrliil y uhkdad dg ia l`ra blh ia slbkgdad. Gh gi
basl dg A`anlvkb, hls ghblhtranls qug sus l`ras sg `asah gh ia
gxpgrknghtabkòh blrplrai, khvgstkeahdl prkhbkpainghtg ils iînktgs dgi bugrpl,
apikbahdl dkstkhtls cabtlrgs sl`rg ëi l khbiusl plhkëhdlil a prug`a? l`ras blnl
AAA AAA (1;56), pgrclrnahbg rgaikzada blh gi artksta Wiay (1;42) —blh qukgh
adgnás dg tghgr uha rgiabkòh anlrlsa, iigva`a uha sgrkg dg khvgstkeabklhgs
artîstkbas—, Gh gsta vkdgl pgrclrnahbg, pldgnls l`sgrvar a an`ls artkstas
erktahdl l ghtlhahdl plr varkls nkhutls ia igtra A, plhkghdl gh tghskòh hl sòil ia
bapabkdad y rgskstghbka `lbai, a travës dgi slhkdl, sk hl qug ia suprgnabîa dg uh
eghgrl sl`rg gi ltrl, buái gs ia vlz dlnkhahtg, buái gs ia qug ’eaha„. An`ls
artkstas iigeah a qugdar skh vlz blh dkbfa abbkòh.
Dghtrl dg gsta nksna blrrkghtg, ikeada a ias khvgstkeabklhgs, sg dgsarrliiah
plsturas nás brîtkbas, blnl plr gmgnpil gi cgnkhksnl. Kdglileîa ‒qug blnl sg
gxpusl ahtgrklrnghtg- bugstklha`a gi lrdgh dg ia numgr gh ia slbkgdad, adgnás
dg ias iubfas dg biasg, ils blhcikbtls sl`rg gi rabksnl, ia vkliabkòh a ils dgrgbfls
funahls dg ia numgr, hkñls, ahknaigs, gtb. Tgnas skgnprg ikeadls a ia dgnahda
plr a`usls. Gstg tkpl dg l`ras sg fah dgsarrliiadl dgsdg su pighl aueg gh ils
3:´ fasta hugstrls tkgnpls, dlhdg l`sgrvanls sînkigs blhtkghdas, pgrl
blhtgxtuaikzadas blh ias rgaikdadgs abtuaigs dg ils artkstas.
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0.4 Clubauit= Ia knplrtahbka gh gi pasl dgi pldgr sl`grahl ai
pldgr rgeuiadlr.
Nkbfgi Clubauit (1;03 ‒ 1;64), ckiòslcl crahbës qug bghtrò su tra`aml gh gi aháiksks
dg ils dkstkhtls pldgrgs y su rgiabkòh ghtrg giils, a dgnás dg dgvgiar ias kdgas
`áskbas qug ia eghtg blnýhnghtg blhskdgra blnl vgrdadgs khqug`rahta`igs
sl`rg ia haturaigza funaha y su rgiabkòh blh ias slbkgdadgs.
Gh ia ýitkna gtapa dg su dgsarrliil ckilsòckbl, Clubauit khtghta nlstrar a il
iarel dg sus ik`rls, - gh gspgbkai gh ia sgrkg Ia fkstlrka dg ia sgxuaikdad, pgrl nás
gspgbîckbanghtg gh gi prkngr tlnl Ia vliuhtad dg sa`gr (1;53) - gi sureknkghtl dg
uh hugvl tkpl dg pldgr qug ia slbkgdad lbbkdghtai fa dgsarrliiadl. Wh pldgr
pliîtkbl bghtradl gh ia vkda `kliòekba, ai buai dghlnkha `kl-pldgr. Gstg sg
blhbghtra gh gi gstudkl dg ia bapabkdad dg dksbkpikhankghtl dg ils bugrpls, uha
ahatlnl-pliîtkba dgi bugrpl funahl, qug tkghg blnl l`mgtl gi bugrpl khdkvkduai,
bapaz dg sgr tratadl y ghtghdkdl blnl uha náqukha dlngstkba`ig, prlvlbahdl uh
adlrngbknkghtl y uha përdkda dg blhsbkghbka dg gstls bugrpls crghtg a ils
skstgnas dg blhtrli.
Gstl blnl rgspugsta gvliutkva dgi ahtkeul pldgr sl`grahl, qug gh su
vgrskòh nás a`sliuta, gra aqugi qug sg ghclba`a gh ia bapabkdad dg nahtghgr l
quktar ia vkda dg sus cankikargs y sý`dktls, qug ’skh duda dgrkva`a clrnainghtg dgia vkgma patrka pltgstas qug da`a ai padrg dg cankika rlnahl gi dgrgbfl dg
"dksplhgr" dg ia vkda dg sus fkmls blnl dg ia dg sus gsbiavls? ia fa`îa "dadl",
pldîa quktaria„. (Clubauit, 1;53, p.61). Wh pldgr bastkeadlr, bghtradl nas gh ia
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bapabkdad dg quktar ia vkda qug prlnlvgria. Gstg tkpl dg pldgr iugel tkghg uha
bkgrta gvliubkòh, dlhdg sg banucia gstg prkvkigekl dgi sl`grahl, gi dgi dgrgbfl dg
vkda y nugrtg, qug ya hl gs a`sliutl, skhl nás `kgh gs uh dgrgbfl khdkrgbtl qug
gmgrbg gi sl`grahl sl`rg sus sý`dktls. Ëstg pugdg dksplhgr dg su vkdas y plhgrias
gh rkgsel gh basls gh gi qug sg vga `aml pgikerl l anghaza, blnl clrna dg
dgcghsa prlpka.
!dlhdg gi pldgr sg gmgrbîa gsghbkainghtg blnl khstahbka dg
dgdubbkòh, ngbahksnl dg sustrabbkòh, dgrgbfl dg
aprlpkarsg dg uha partg dg ias rkqugzas, gxtlrskòh dg
prldubtls, dg `kghgs, dg sgrvkbkls, dg tra`aml y dg saherg,
knpugstl a ils sý`dktls. Gi pldgr gra ahtg tldl dgrgbfl dg
baptabkòh= dg ias blsas, dgi tkgnpl, ils bugrpls y ckhainghtg
ia vkda? buinkha`a gh gi prkvkigekl dg apldgrarsg dg ësta para
suprknkria. (Clubauit, 1;53, p. 61-60)
Wha vgz qug sg eghgra gstg ban`kl dgi pldgr sl`grahl fabka uh pldgr
rgeuiadlr, qug gh vgz dg suprknkr ia vkda sg ghbarea dg adnkhkstraria, aunghtaria
y dgsarrliiaria, ghclbada gh gi bugrpl slbkai dlhdg ’ias eugrras ya hl sg fabgh gh
hln`rg dgi sl`grahl ai qug fay qug dgcghdgr? sg fabgh gh hln`rg dg ia
gxkstghbka dg tldls? sg gduba a pl`iabklhgs ghtgras para qug sg natgh
nutuanghtg gh hln`rg dg ia hgbgskdad qug tkghgh dg vkvkr„ (Clubauit, 1;53, p.60)
Zlr il qug gi pldgr pliîtkbl tlna gi rli dg prlnlvgr kdgas dg supgrabkòh y
dgsarrliil a travës dg su gmgrbkbkl dg gdubabkòh y dksbkpikhankghtl. Il qug tgrnkhò
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plr eghgrar gstg `kl-pldgr ahtgs nghbklhadl, qug sg dkvkdg gh dls plils qug hl
slh lpugstls, sk hl nás blnpignghtarkls.
Gi prkngrl qug sg dgsarrliiò cug gstg pldgr rgeuiadlr dgi buai fabîanls
rgcgrghbka gh uh prkhbkpkl, gi qug surekò blnl prkngra rgspugsta ai blhtrli
sl`grahl, suprgslr-rgdubtlr dg ias bapabkdadgs y dgrgbfls dg ias slbkgdadgs dg
aqugiils ghtlhbgs. Wha ahatlnl-pliîtkba bghtrada gh dgsarrliiar ia kdga dgi
bugrpl blnl náqukha, utkikzahdl khstktubklhgs blnl ia gsbugia, gi gmërbktl, ias
bárbgigs, gtb. Blnl ngdkl para gi dgsarrliil tahtl dg sus aptktudgs blnl
dg`kikdadgs, eghgrahdl bugrpls dòbkigs susbgptk`igs a ia khciughbka gmgrbkda plr
ils gstadls. Ia kdga ya hl gs quktar ia vkda, sk hl qug khvadkria gh su tltaikdad.
Zlstgrklrnghtg, blnl prldubtl dg gstg `kl-pldgr, gi sgeuhdl plil sureg
blnl uha pliîtkba dg ia pl`iabkòh, bghtrada gh gi bugrpl blnl slplrtg `kliòekbl,
bapaz dg sgr khtgrvghkdl a uh hkvgi nás îhtknl, qug sureg dgsdg ia ahatlnl-
pliîtkba, pgrl ia blnpigmkza aýh nás- dghlnkhada `klpliîtkba, qug a erlsl nldl sg
rgckgrg a ias tëbhkbas y gstratgekas dgi pldgr pliîtkbl qug sg utkikzah para
dgtgrnkhar gi blnplrtankghtl, abbklhgs y iknktabklhgs dg uha slbkgdad, qug
tkghg plr l`mgtl ia blhstrubbkòh dg ils sumgtls y gi blhtrli dg ias pl`iabklhgs
(dgnleracîa, hataikdad, saiud, nlrtahdad, vkvkghda, nkerabkòh, gblhlnîa, gtb.) gh
`asg a ia saiud `kliòekba dg ils fln`rgs, gsta`igbkghdl uha rgiabkòh dg bugrpl-
slbkgdad.
Ia vkgma pltghbka dg ia nugrtg, gh ia buai sg skn`likza`a gi
pldgr sl`grahl, sg faiia aflra bukdadlsanghtg rgbu`kgrta
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plr ia adnkhkstrabkòh dg ils bugrpls y ia egstkòh baibuiadlra
dg ia vkda. Dgsarrliil rápkdl durahtg ia gdad biáskba dg
dkvgrsas dksbkpikhas — gsbugias, bligekls, buartgigs, taiigrgs?
aparkbkòh tan`këh, gh gi banpl dg ias prábtkbas pliîtkbas y
ias l`sgrvabklhgs gblhònkbas, dg ils prl`ignas dg
hataikdad, ilhegvkdad, saiud pý`ikba, vkvkghda, nkerabkòh?
gxpilskòh, pugs, dg tëbhkbas dkvgrsas y hungrlsas para
l`tghgr ia sumgbkòh dg ils bugrpls y gi blhtrli dg ias
pl`iabklhgs. Rg khkbka asî ia gra dg uh "`kl-pldgr". (Clubauit,
1;53, p.64)
Gstg `kl-pldgr traml blnl blhsgbughbka uh tkpl dg rgeuiabkòh hl sòil a
travës dg ias khstktubklhgs hln`radas ahtgrklrnghtg, skhl qug su sureknkghtl sg
blhskdgra blnl prlpuislr dgi dgsarrliil dgi Bapktaiksnl. [a qug sg apldgrò dg
ils prkhbkpkls `áskbls dgi `kl-pldgr blnl il gs gi sureknkghtl blhtrliadl dg ias
pl`iabklhgs para asî dgsarrliiarsg gh árgas blnl ia gblhlnîa, prlnlvkghdl ia
mgrarqukzabkòh slbkai gh cuhbkòh dg ia abunuiabkòh dgi bapktai y ia dg ils nksnls
fln`rgs-slbkgdadgs blnl cugrza dg tra`aml.
A ckh dg bughtas, gi dgsarrliil dg ias pliîtkbas ghclbadas gh ia prlikcgrabkòh
blhtrliada dg ia vkda dg ias pgrslhas y sus slbkgdadgs, sunadl ai dgsarrliil dg
ias tëbhkbas dg ia ngdkbkha blnl prkhbkpai aeghtg dg ia prgsgrvabkòh dg ia vkda,
eghgrò uh anpikl aprghdkzamg plr partg dg ias pgrslhas, qug blnkghzah a tlnar
blhsbkghbka dg sus prlpkls bugrpls, il qug skehkckba sgr uh sgr vkvkghtg y ias
gxkeghbkas qug sg rgiabklhah blh su gxkstkr.
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Tldl gstg dgsarrliil dg ia blhbkghbka dgi sgr slbkai y gi autlblhlbknkghtl
blnl aeghtg partkbkpatkvl, tgrnkhò plr eghgrar uha `ýsqugda dg ils dgrgbfls qug
dg`îah asgeurar ias pliîtkbas dgsarrliiadas, taigs blnl gi dgrgbfl a ia vkda, gi
dgrgbfl a ia cgikbkdad, gi dgrgbfl a ia saiud, gtb. Zrlvlbahdl uha rgspugsta plr
partg dg ia pliîtkba a uha khtgrvghbkòh aýh nás gspgbkckba g îhtkna, a tai gxtrgnl
qug ya hl gra suckbkghtg khciukr gh gi dgsarrliil dg ia adgbuada clrnabkòh y
blhclrnabkòh dg ias cankikas y dg ias brgghbkas kdgliòekbas, sk hl qug sg apldgrò
dg ia rgeuiabkòh dg ia sgxuaikdad y dgi sgxl gh sî nksnl. Blnghzahdl a
pgrsgeukr tldl tkpl dg gxprgskòh dg ia sgxuaikdad dg ias pgrslhas, prlnlvkghdl
kdgas an`keuas dg ik`grtad y bastrabkòh.
vgnls gia`lrarsg ia kdga dg qug gxkstg aiel nás qug ils
bugrpls, ils òreahls, ias ilbaikzabklhgs slnátkbas, ias
cuhbklhgs, ils skstgnas ahatlnlckskliòekbls, ias sghsabklhgs,
ils piabgrgs? aiel nás y aiel dkcgrghtg, aiel dltadl dg
prlpkgdadgs khtrîhsgbas y igygs prlpkas= gi "sgxl". Asî, gh gi
prlbgsl dg fkstgrkzabkòh dg ia numgr, gi "sgxl" cug dgckhkdl dg
trgs nahgras= blnl il qug gs blnýh ai fln`rg y ia numgr? l
blnl il qug pgrtghgbg plr gxbgighbka ai fln`rg y caita plr il
tahtl a ia numgr? pgrl tan`këh blnl il qug blhstktuyg plr sî
slil gi bugrpl dg ia numgr, lrkghtáhdlil plr ghtgrl a ias
cuhbklhgs dg rgprldubbkòh y pgrtur`áhdlil skh bgsar gh vkrtud
dg ils gcgbtls dg gsas nksnas cuhbklhgs? gh gsta gstratgeka,
ia fkstlrka gs khtgrprgtada blnl gi mugel dgi sgxl gh tahtl
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qug gs il "uhl" y il "ltrl", tldl y partg, prkhbkpkl y barghbka.
(Clubauit, 1;53, p.;1)
Asî sg khkbkah uha sgrkg dg rgeuiarkzabklhgs qug sg nahtuvkgrlh gh gi
naregh dg gsta duaikdad dg il pý`ikbl y il prkvadl, il abgpta`ig y il bastkea`ig,
pgrvgrskòh y nldgil, sgparahdl plr blnpigtl ia kdga dgi bugrpl `kliòekbl dg sus
cuhbklhgs ckskliòekbas. Eghgrahdl uh dksplsktkvl dg blhtrli a travës dg ia
sgxuaikdad qug mugea blh ia blnprgskòh dg ia autlhlnîa/sl`grahîa dg ias
pgrslhas crghtg a gstg dksplsktkvl dg pldgr. Ësta duaikdad dgi dksbursl sg
trahsclrnará gh gi arna nás pltghtg dg ia rgeuiarkzabkòh y blhstrubbkòh dg ias
khdkvkduaikdadgs blnl ia dg ias slbkgdadgs abtuaigs, il qug Clubauit (1;53)
blhbiuyg y iiana= ’Krlhîa dgi dksplsktkvl= hls fabg brggr qug gh giil rgskdg hugstra
"ik`grabkòh" (p.;7)
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2 PGCGPGHTGR
Ils rgcgrghtgs aquî prgsghtadls sgráh a`lrdadls dgsdg uh lrdgh aigatlrkl, gstls
plsggh uha rgiabkòh dkrgbta blh ia l`ra qug fg dgsarrliiadl durahtg ils añls 0::;
ai 0:12. Ia aikhgabkòh eghgrai sg gsta`igbg `aml ils blhbgptls dg eëhgrl y
cgnkhksnl, bugstklhgs rgcigxkvas l brîtkbas qug bugstklhah gi lrdgh buiturai
gsta`igbkdl gh ia slbkgdad.
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2.1 Nartfa Plsigr, Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh, (1;57)
Knaegh H½12= Crang Skdgl pgrclrnahbg, ’Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh„, 1;57
Autlr= Nartfa Plsigr
Cughtg= Ukokngdka
Nartfa Plsigr (1;42), gs uha artksta, ghsayksta y prlcgslra gstadluhkdghsg. Erah
partg dg su l`ra gstá ikeada a bugstklhar ils lrdghgs mgrárqukbls gsta`igbkdls,
ahaikzahdl y rgcigxklhahdl sl`rg knáeghgs pý`ikbas, blnl plr gmgnpil ia dg ia
prlpka numgr gh ia slbkgdad. Mustanghtg gh ia l`ra Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh dg
1;57, bugstklha gi rli dg ia numgr, prkhbkpainghtg gh gi aspgbtl dlnëstkbl,
gvkdghbkahdl ia vklighbka gh aqugi án`ktl, gs dgbkr, ias knplskbklhgs l vksklhgs
qug sg tkghg sl`rg ia numgr ’utkiktarka„. Gstg vkdgl dg 3 nkhutls 0: sgeuhdls sg
prgsghta ia artksta nlstrahdl uha sgrkg dg utghskikls dlnëstkbls `aml uh lrdgh
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aica`ëtkbl. Gh bada prgsghtabkòh, gi barábtgr vklightl gs gxpikbktl, plr gmgnpil
buahdl nugstra gi bubfkiil va dkrgbtl fabka ia bánara l a ils gspgbtadlrgs. Gh ils
ýitknls nkhutls dgi vkdgl, utkikza su bugrpl para nlstrar ias igtras W,S,U,V,[,]
pudkghdl l`sgrvar blnl su bugrpl vklightanghtg sg trahsclrna gh uh utghskikl
nás dg ia blbkha. Rgeýh gi dgsbrkptlr dgi NAB@A, ia l`ra=
Tan`këh nugstra qug ias gstrubturas dg pldgr, dlnkhabkòh y
sunkskòh y sus rankckbabklhgs kdgliòekbas tkghgh qug sgr
dgtgbtadas y ahaikzadas hl sòil dgsdg ias pgrspgbtkvas
pliîtkba, slbkai y gblhònkba, skhl tan`këh dghtrl dgi prlpkl
skstgna ikheùîstkbl y dg skehls qug blhstktuyg gi lrdgh dg il
skn`òikbl.( NAB@A, 0:14)
Gsta l`ra gs blhskdgrada uha dg ils prkngrls vkdgls pgrclrnahbg blnl tai,
ya qug gstá brgada para sgr dkstrk`ukda slianghtg blnl vkdgl? gs dgbkr, su
gmgbubkòh y artkbuiabkòh gstá pghsada para dkbfl slplrtg y ngdkl dg dkcuskòh.
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2.0 [lol Lhl, But Zkgbg, (1;37)
[lol Lhl (1;22), gs uha artksta maplhgsa, qug cug partg dgi erupl ciuxux 5 y sg
dgstaba plr sgr uha dg ias prkngras artkstas qug blnkghza a khdaear gh ia
utkikzabkòh dgi bugrpl blnl slplrtg dg l`ra, bugstklhahdl gi rli dg ia numgr gh ia
slbkgdad. Gh su l`ra But Zkgbg, rgaikzada gh 1;37, prlplhg ia utkikzabkòh dgi
bugrpl, blnl gxpgrknghtabkòh artîstkba y gi vkdgl blnl rgekstrl dg ia
pgrclrnahbg.
Gh ësta, [lol Lhl sg prgsghta bu`kgrta plr bapas dg rlpa, bfaigbl, `iusa y
rlpa khtgrklr, sghtada gh gi pksl, blh uha tkmgra gh gi sugil. Muhtl a giia, sg
khblrplrah gh ia gsbgha partg dgi pý`ikbl, gi qug pugdg khtgrabtuar tlnahdl ia
tkmgra y blnghzahdl a blrtar partg dg ia rlpa dg ia artksta6. Pgtahdl plr blnpigtl
ia dkstahbka y hgutraikdad ghtrg l`ra y gspgbtadlr.
Rkh duda, dgsdg gi nlnghtl dgi prkngr blrtg dgi rlpamg, gi bugrpl sg
piahtga blnl gi dg uha numgr l`mgtl, pgrl a dgnás gsta`ig uha rgiabkòh brîtkba
crghtg a ia ’nldgil„ utkikzada a il iael dg ia fkstlrka, sunksa g knpgrtur`a`ig,
gsta`igbkghdl uha plsg y uha nkrada crîa, sòil blh vksta ai crghtg, qug hl sg
khnuta blh ia përdkda dg sus bapas qug ia bu`rgh slbkainghtg.
5 Nlvknkghtl dg artg qug sg dgsarrliiò ghtrg ils 3: y 5:, gspgbîckbanghtg gh Gurlpa,gstadl uhkdls y Mapòh. Gs barabtgrkzadl plr prlplhgr ia khtgrdksbkpikharkgdad gh gi artg,nlvknkghtl dgi buai sureg gi fappghkhe y plstgrklrnghtg ia pgrclrnahbg. 6 Sgr gh fttps=//www.ylutu`g.bln/watbfi[M2dZwa0tK
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Knaegh H½14= Crang gxtraîdl dgi vkdgl rgekstrl dg ia pgrclrnahbg, But Zkgbg, 1;37 Autlr= [lol Lhl
Cughtg= Hgw Brktkbais
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2.2 Ias numgrgs ’rgaigs„ dg Mghhy Ravkiig
Knaegh H½17= Zkhturas, Rtratgey (Rlutf Cabg/Crlht Cabg/Hlrtf Cabg), 1;;4
Autlr= Mghhy Ravkiig
Cughtg= Bkrbl K`grka
Mghhy Ravkiig (1;5:), gs uha artksta kheigsa, pgrtghgbkghtg ai erupl [luhe @rktksf
Artksts l Mòvghgs Artkstas @rktáhkbls;, qug dgsarrliia su l`ra gh ils añls ;:‛.
Dgsdg ia pkhtura bugstklha ia ia`lr dg ia numgr gh ia slbkgdad. Rus l`ras
sg barabtgrkzah plr gvkdghbkar uh dgsplml dg ias kdgaikzabklhgs dgi bugrpl. Zkhta a
ia numgr ’rgai„, il qug para aieuhls ia vugivg a`ygbta. Ia natgrka pkbtòrkba, dgvgia
l khckgrg uha erah bgrbahîa blh ia barhg. Wtkikza gi bugrpl blnl rgprgsghtabkòh, skh
hkheýh tkpl dg khtgrës plr kdgaikzar ia knaegh? ia pkhtura sg barabtgrkza plr uha
pkhbgiada narbada y gi blilr saturadl rgaiza y dranatkza ia pkgi, aibahzahdl uha
naylr bgrbahîa blh ia barhg y ia brudgza dg gsta. Ias rgprgsghtabklhgs slh nuy
bgrbahas ai nldgil ’rgai„, pgrl vkstl dgsdg pgrspgbtkvas plbl usuaigs, dáhdlig
; [luhe @rktksf Artksts= gs uh erupl dg artkstas blhtgnplráhgls, qug cugrlh iahzadls a iacana a raîz dg uha sgeukdkiia dg gxplskbklhgs qug iigva`a gstg hln`rg blnl tîtuil.
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ëhcasks a ia zlha pý`kba, a ias knpgrcgbbklhgs, blnl bkbatrkbgs, gstrîas, vgrrueas,
gtb. Wtkikza gh ia naylrîa dg ils basls a numgrgs l`gsas l rgburrkghdl a ia
rgprgsghtabkòh dg su prlpka knaegh. Gi tanañl dg gstas l`ras slh nubfl nás
erahdg qug ia gsbaia rgai, il qug hl eghgra uha rgiabkòh uhl a uhl blh gi
gspgbtadlr, skhl qug nás `kgh gstls bugrpls sl`rgpasah a ils gspgbtadlrgs,
flnlileahdl ia rgiabkòh dg prlplrbkòh y puhtl dg vksta (cuea) qug sg eghgra ghtrg
hkñls y aduitls, sg vgh blnl bugrpl rgaigs y pgrl vklightls sl`rg giils.
Tai blnl gs gxpugstl gh gi tîtuil, nubfas vgbgs ils aháiksks sg rgckgrgh a
sus l`ras blnl ias ’pkhturas dg numgrgs rgaigs„, dg dlhdg dgvkghgh bugrpls
haturaigs, dgsplmadls dg tapumls slbkaigs y gstáhdargs buituraigs ikeadls a qug ia
numgr kdgai dg`g sgr dgieada, ru`ka, dg pkgi tgrsa, ik`rg dg knpgrcgbbklhgs y blh
ngdkdas ahatònkbas nuy gspgbîckbas y gxkeghtgs.
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2.4 Abtkvksnl @klpliîtkbl dg Lriah
Knaegh H½13= Dkaerana dg lpgrabklhgs Lriahd, para ia bkrueîa pgrclrnahbg ’Lnhkprgsghbg-Ruregry„, 1;;2
Autlr= Lriah
Cughtg= Grltksnl y Artg
Lriah (1;41) artksta dg lrkegh crahbës. Ru l`ra rgcigxklha gh tlrhl ai
bugstklhankghtl dgi rli dg ia numgr, pgrl gspgbîckbanghtg, sl`rg gi bugrpl a
travës dg ia fkstlrka dgi artg. Zara giil, uhl dg sus prkhbkpaigs gmgrbkbkls dg l`ra gs
ia `ýsqugda dg ils gstáhdargs nás rgblhlbk`igs dg ias pkhturas cgnghkhas
(knaegh h½13), y ia gxtrabbkòh ’qukrýrekba„ dg partgs dg ëstas. Eghgrahdl gh
prkngra khstahbka uha gspgbkg dg fî`rkdl, g khbiusl uh ’aiel, hl funahl„.
Rus pgrclrnahbgs utkikzah ils paradkenas blhvghbklhaigs fkstòrkbls dg ia
numgr, para iugel rgvgrtkrils y dgvgiar ia knplsk`kikdad dg ia pgrcgbbkòh. Zara gstl
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sg slngtg a varkadas khtgrvghbklhgs qukrýrekbas, dlhdg utkikza blnl rgcgrghtg
pkhturas dg ia fkstlrka dgi artg, plr gmgnpil ia harkz dg @lttkbgiik, ia crghtg dg
Iglhardl gh ia Eklblhda, gtb.
Blnl sa`gnls, ias lpgrabklhgs l khtgrvghbklhgs qukrýrekbas dg gstg tkpl,
skgnprg sg rgiabklhah blh ils báhlhgs dg `giigza gstgrgltkpadls, gsta`igbkdls
buiturainghtg. Zlr ghdg ia khblrplrabkòh, sustrabbkòh l nldkckbabkòh ahatònkba krîa
gh dkbfa dkrgbbkòh. Ru tra`aml, blhstruyg uha knaegh dkspar a il ya gsta`igbkdl,
gxtrayghdl báhlhgs gstgrgltkpadls pgrtghgbkghtgs a varkadls nldgils y
rgaikzahdl uha ngsbliahza gh su prlpkl bugrpl. Tahtl ia khtgrvghbkòh (rgekstrls
gh cltleracîa y vkdgl), blnl gi rgsuitadl dg giias, sg trahsclrnah gh ia l`ra dg ia
artksta, blh ia buai khtghta dgvgiar y bugstklhar dkbfls báhlhgs.
Mustanghtg blnl sg nghbklha gh gi tîtuil dg gstg su`bapîtuil, ia l`ra dg
Lriah pugdg sgr igîda blnl uh abtkvksnl @klpliîtkbl, dlhdg ia iubfa gstá khsbrkta
gh gi bugrpl blnl l`mgtl dg dgnahda, utkikzahdl ils nksnls ngbahksnls fgbfls
para ia hlrnaikzabkòh dg ils bugrpls-slbkaigs blnl ngdkl dg rg`gikòh ahtg giils.
Gs blnl gi basl dg Aehgs, an`ls sg aprlpkah dg ils ngbahksnls trahsergslrgs
l rgeuiadlrgs, sg fabgh barel dg su skehkckbahtg y il usah a su cavlr, eghgrahdl
uh tkpl dg `uria ahtg ils vabîls gxkstghtgs qug tldls ils skstgnas tkghgh.
Blnl ya vknls, ias l`ras dg Ravkiig, utkikzah ia pkhtura, l dg Plsigr gi
bugrpl a travës dgi vkdgl. Gh gi basl dg Lriah, dkbfa l`ra sg trahsclrna gh su
prlpkl bugrpl, y hl puranghtg gsbghkckbadl, skhl qug sus nldkckbabklhgs iigeah a
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sgr tah drástkbas, qug nldkckbah uh bugrpl, su bugrpl, gi qug ia ablnpañará tlda
ia vkda.
Dghtrl dg ias l`ras dg Lriah tan`këh ghblhtranls gsbuituras, cltleracîas,
nahkpuiabklhgs dkektaigs, khstaiabklhgs y pkhtura? y dghtrl dg giias sg ghbughtra ia
l`ra Gi lrkegh dg ia eugrra (1;6;) ‒qug sg aigma dg ia gstëtkba blnýh dg Lriah‒ gh
ia buai l`sgrvanls uha bkta dkrgbta a ia l`ra I'lrkekhg du nlhdg l Gi lrkegh dgi
nuhdl dg Eustavg Blur`gt (161;-1655). Pgaikzada gh 1633, ia buai gstuvl
pgrdkda plr nás dg 1:: añls ghtrg `ldgeas y sailhgs prkvadls qug lbuita`ah gi
buadrl plr su barábtgr sgxuai, ai nlstrar skh tapumls gi sgxl dg uha numgr.
Gh tërnkhls clrnaigs, ia l`ra dg Lriah rggnpiaza ia vaekha plr uh pghg.
Dlhdg ia pugsta gh gsbgha dgi pghg l cail, rgprgsghtahdl ia eugrra, gs uh
gqukvaightg a rgprgsghtar qug plr buipa dg gstg pldgr cáikbl suregh ils erahdgs
prl`ignas, gh gstg basl, ia eugrra. Gs dgbkr, plr uh iadl Blur`gt ig atrk`uyg ai
sgxl cgnghkhl gi lrkegh dgi nuhdl, uha blhhltabkòh khkbkadlra dg ia egstabkòh l
eëhgsks, y plr ltrl, Lriah, ig atrk`uyg gi tërnkhl y/l blhbgptl dg eugrra, gi buai
blhiigva uha sgrkg dg dgsastrgs g khhatanghtg mgrarqukzabklhgs y iubfas dg pldgr.
Mustanghtg, ias iubfas dg pldgr y blnpghsabklhgs dg ëstg fah skdl
fkstòrkbanghtg rgiabklhas gh lbbkdghtg blh uha rgiabkòh cáikba, dlhdg gi pghg
(erahdg) skehkckba uh naylr gnpldgrankghtl y suprgnabîa sl`rg gi ltrl. A raîz dg
il nksnl, gi Dr. Bfrkstlpfgr Nlrrks-Pl`grts (1;33) gh ia Whkvgrskdad dg @rkeftlh
dgbiara, qug ia knplrtahbka dgi tanañl dgi pghg, hl gs skehkckbatkvl para gi sgxl
lpugstl (numgr), skhl qug gs knplrtahtg ghtrg ils prlpkls fln`rgs, khbiusl gi
dlbtlr il dgbiara, blnl gi bapktai nasbuikhl.
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Knaegh H½15= Pgekstrl pkhtura, ’Gi lrkegh dg ia eugrra’, 1;6; Autlr= Lriah
Cughtg= Lriah.gu
Gi barábtgr blhtrlvgrskai y gcgbtksta gs gi qug nubfas vgbgs bkgrtas
cgnkhkstas ig fah brktkbadl a Lriah, bugstklhahdl ia razòh dgi plr quë tahtas
lpgrabklhgs. Mustanghtg gi egstl dg lpgrarsg, gs gi qug prldubg ia cugrza dg su
tra`aml. Ia artksta nldkckba su bugrpl, ngzbiahdl báhlhgs pgrcgbtls,
blhcgbbklhahdl uha knaegh dgsprlvksta dg ia `giigza kdgai. A raîz dg gstl ýitknl
gs qug fgnls ikeadl gstg bapîtuil blh ia `klpliktkba. Ia utkikzabkòh g
knpignghtabkòh dgi bugrpl blnl slplrtg dg l`ra y gignghtl dg khvgstkeabkòh,
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abtýa a ia vgz blnl su banpl brîtkbl. Ia artksta abtýa dgsdg dkbfa prábtkba,
utkikzahdl ias abbklhgs trahsclrnadlras drástkbas, qug slh gnpigadas para
l`tghgr uha `giigza buiturai, eghgrahdl uha knaegh fî`rkda y dksruptkva blh gstls
báhlhgs.
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2.7 Khtgrvghbkòh blsnëtkba dg @grhardl Lyarzýh
Knaegh H½16= Pgekstrl sgrkg cltleráckba, ’Blsnëtkba„, 0::6
Autlr= @grhardl LyarzýhCughtg= Eaigrîa ACA
@grhardl Lyarzýh (1;32), artksta vksuai bfkighl qug tra`ama `aml ia tgnátkba dg ia
kdghtkdad ilbai. Habg gh uha pgqugña blnuha dgi sur dg Bfkig, Ils Nugrnls y
tra`ama gsghbkainghtg sl`rg ia tgnátkba dg ia kdghtkdad habklhai, rgaikzahdl uha
brîtkba a ia gstgrgltkpabkòh y ia biara khciughbka qug gi paîs ableg dg buituras
gxtgrhas. Dlhdg gh ia naylrîa dg ils basls su l`ras slh rgspugsta a sktuabklhgs
l ahëbdltas gspgbîckbas, plr ias qug gi artksta fa tghkdl qug pasar, sknpignghtg
plr su aparkghbka cîskba.
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Gh añl 0::6 rgaikzò uha sgrkg dg cltleracîas iianada Blsnëtkba, gh ia buai,
ai keuai qug ia artksta crahbgsa, sg slngtg a uha sgrkg dg nldkckbabklhgs
blrplraigs -nubfl nás sutkigs l nás `kgh supgrckbkaigs- blnl gi tgñkdl dg su
ba`giil, ia utkikzabkòh dg ightgs dg blhtabtl y gi `iahqugankghtl dg su pkgi gh
plstprldubbkòh dkektai. Tai blnl dkbg su autlr gh ia ckbfa dg l`ra, gi rgaikza dkbfls
egstls para gvkdghbkar ia prl`ignátkba dg hgear su asbghdghbka, sus rasels
ngstkzls. Trahsclrnahdl sus lmls bacës gh vgrdgs, su pgil hgerl gh ru`kl.
Gurlpgîza l Hlrtgangrkbahkza uha knaegh khdîegha ngstkza prlpka dg
Iatkhlanërkba. Gi egstl brîtkbl dg Lyarzýh hugvanghtg apgia a kr uh pasl nás
aiiá dg ia brîtkba. Zaradòmkbanghtg partkbkpa gh ias nldkckbabklhgs blnl uh egstl
su`vgrskvl, qug gvkdghbka uh bkgrtl abtuar dg ia slbkgdad.
Tahtl gh gstg basl blnl gh gi dg Lriah, pldgnls dgbkr qug ia abbkòh dg
an`ls artkstas gs blhbrgtanghtg abtkva, il qug ia fabg nubfl nás pltghtg qug
rgaikzar ia brîtkba ngdkahtg ia hgeabkòh. Zlhgr gh gsbgha an`ls bugrpls
nldkckbadls para dgvgiar uh blhstrubtl slbkai, ilera dkrkekrsg a ils gspgbtadlrgs
dg uha clrna nubfl nás aeuda y dkrgbta, dg il buai pldrîanls dgbkr l khcgrkr qug
hls ghblhtranls crghtg a l`ras nubfl nás rgcigxkvas, dlhdg gi prlpkl bugrpl dgi
artksta sg ghbughtra gsbghkckbadl para dgvgiar tranas khvksk`igs l hgeadas.
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2.3 Narkha A`ranlvkb
Ia artksta Narkha A`ranlvkb (1;43), habg gs [uelsiavka, sus prkngrls tra`amls
gstáh bghtradls gh prl`ignátkbas dgsarrliiadas gh su blhtgxtl nás bgrbahl?
blnl ia eugrra, ia vkliabkòh a ils dgrgbfls funahls l dg ia numgr, ghtrg ltrls.
Dghtrl dg sus tra`amls, ghblhtranls uha sgrkg dg khvgstkeabklhgs gh tlrhl ai
bugrpl, y gh clrna gspgbîckba, ai bugrpl cgnghkhl. Ia tòhkba dg gstls gmgrbkbkls
pgrclrnatkvls sg `asah gh slngtgr ai bugrpl a varkadls gstînuils gxtgrhls?
autlciaegiabklhgs, slngtknkghtl a aeghtgs hlbkvls, ghtrg ltrls.
A`aranlvkb gs uhl dg ils kblhls nás plpuiargs dgi artg dg ia pgrclrnahbg,
autldghlnkháhdlsg blnl ia a`ugia dg ia pgrclrnahbg. Adgnás dg gstl, hl sòil
gi barábtgr plpuiar gs gi qug ng nltkva a prgsghtaria, skhl qug nás `kgh, ia
blhstrubbkòh pgrclrnatkva ghtlrhl a ils gignghtls, tkgnpls y prábtkbas qug khvkta
a gxpgrkghbkar.
Nubfas dg sus l`ras sg fah dgsarrliiadl gh gspabkls anpikls blh pý`ikbl
a`kgrtl, pgrl ltras vgbgs, fa slngtkdl a ia gxpgrkghbka a sòil pgqugñls y
gspgbîckbls erupls dg pgrslhas. Gh Tfg Artkst ks prgsght , (0:1:) rgaikza uha
gxplskbkòh rgtrlspgbtkva gh gi NLNA, blnpugsta plr 7: l`ras, qug khbiuîah
rgekstrls, cltleracîas, dlbunghtls, pgrclrnahbg, blia`lrabklhgs, vkdgls, ghtrg
ltras blsas. Ia artksta khvkta a uh erupl dg gstudkahtgs dg artg, a qukghgs igs
ghsgña tëbhkbas blrplraigs para qug iugel khtgrprgtgh sus l`ras. Aieuhas dg ias
l`ras sgigbbklhadas para ia nugstra cugrlh Knplhdgra`kika (1;55), pgrclrnahbg
qug rgaikzò blh Wiay, gh qug an`ls sg sktua`ah dgshudls, uhl crghtg ai ltrls gh
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gi narbl dg uha pugrta, qug blrrgsplhdîa ai abbgsl prkhbkpai a ia nugstra, plr il
qug ils gspgbtadlrgs l vksktahtgs gsta`ah l`ikeadls a pasar ghtrg giils rlzahdl
sus bugrpls dgshudls. Iunkhlskty (1;;5), gh ia qug ia artksta gsta`a blieada a
uha pargd dgshuda blh ils `razls gxtghdkdls, slstghkëhdlsg sòil plr uha
gspgbkg dg skiiîh y uh par dg slplrtgs gh ils qug apghas aibahza`a a plhgr ia
puhta dg sus pkgs. A`ranlvkb ia dgsbrk`g blnl= ’ ! rgainghtg gs uha l`ra sl`rg
ia sligdad, sl`rg gi dlilr y sl`rg ia gigvabkòh gspkrktuai. Abgrba dg ia iunkhlskdad
y dg ia baikdad trahsbghdghtai dgi sgr funahl gh eghgrai „ (12 PLLNR, s.c.).
Tan`këh cug partg dg ia sgigbbkòh Hudg wktf Rogigtlh l Dgshuda blh gsqugigtl
(0::4) dlhdg ia artksta sg rgblsta`a blh uh gsqugigtl sl`rg giia, eghgrahdl uh
tkpl dg nlvknkghtl ’vkvl„ dgi gsqugigtl dg`kdl a ia rgspkrabkòh dg ia artksta.
Blnl vgnls, gi tra`aml pgrclrnatkvl dg ia artksta gs varkadl, eghgrahdl
hugvas y pklhgras ngtldlileîas dg dgsarrliil dg ia pgrclrnahbg, gh ia buai
nubfas vgbgs gxkstg l hl uh bugrpl, fay l hl prgsghbka, l fay l hl aieýh l`mgtl.
Narkha, prlplhg y egsta gi artg dgsdg ia hada, skighbkl y lsburkdad, sòil gi bugrpl
blnl slplrtg prgsghtg l ausghtg.
Blh uh egstl sknkiar a [lol Lhl gh But Zkgbg, añls nás tardg (1;54)
A`ranlvkb slngtg su bugrpl a dkstkhtas plsk`kikdadgs dg abbklhgs dgi pý`ikbl,
dkrkekdas a travës dg uha crasg qug dgbîa ’fay sgtghta y dls l`mgtls gh ia ngsa
qug pugdgh usarsg sl`rg nî blnl sg qukgra. [l sly gi l`mgtl„ (ghtrg dkbfls
l`mgtls sg ghblhtra`a uha pkstlia, uha `aia, uha skgrra, uh fabfa, uh tghgdlr, uh
pgkhg, uh iátkel, uh ia`kai, pkhtura bubfkiils, còsclrls, uha piuna, aeua, nkgi, ghtrg
ltrls). Ia pgrclrnahbg dghlnkhada Pfytfn : , durò sgks flras, gh ias buaigs
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prgtghdîa khvgstkear sl`rg su prlpkl bugrpl, adgnás dg ils nksnls iînktgs ghtrg
artksta y gspgbtadlr. Gh gsta l`ra, mustanghtg sg rgcigxklha ia gsghbka dg ia
dksbkpikha dg ia pgrclrnahbg, dlhdg gi pý`ikbl gs khblrplradl blnl uh gspgbtadlr
abtkvl gh ia l`ra dg artg. Nubfls dg ils askstghtgs hl rgaikzarlh hkheuha abbkòh
blhtra gi bugrpl dg ia artksta? ltrls aearrarlh l`mgtls khlcghskvls eghgrahdl igvgs
nligstkas. Dg dkbfa gxpgrkghbka ia artksta añadg=
Il qug aprghdî cug qug, sk dgmas qug gi pý`ikbl dgbkda, tg
pugdgh natar. Ng sghtî vgrdadgranghtg atabada= ng
blrtarlh ia rlpa, ng biavarlh ias gspkhas dg ias rlsas gh gi
gstònael, uha pgrslha ng apuhtò a ia ba`gza blh ia pkstlia
y ltra sg ia quktò„ Ia caita dg rgabbkòh dg ia artksta fkzl qug ia
vklighbka gsbapara dg nahgra eglnëtrkba. Dgspuës dg
gxabtanghtg sgks flras, sgeýh gi piah, ng igvahtë y gnpgbë
a bankhar fabka gi pý`ikbl. Tldls gsbaparlh, gvktahdl uh
ghcrghtankghtl rgai„. (Gi dkarkl, 0:14)
Tai blnl nghbklha gh gstas ýitknas iîhgas, ia blhcrlhtabkòh rgai , sg pugdg
khcgrkr blh gi ghtghdknkghtl dg qug gstg bugrpl l`mgtl ’khtgrvghkdl„, rgainghtg gra
uh bugrpl, uh bugrpl cgnghkhl dgtgrnkhahtg, qug plhg uh khkbkl y uh ckhai a ia
abbkòh.
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Knaegh H½1;= Pgekstrl pgrclrnahbg, ’Pfytfn : ’, 1;54
Autlr= Narkha A`ranlvkb
Cughtg= Kpgrartg
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2.5 Ngiatk Rurylradarnl
Ngiatk Ruryldarnl (1;3;), gs uha artksta khdlhgsa qug dgsarrliia su tra`aml a
partkr dg gxpgrkghbkas pgrslhaigs y rgiabkòh blh il nîstkbl y náekbl a ia vgz. Gs
blhlbkda plr su pgrclrnahbg Gxgrekg-@uttgr Dahbg 1: (0:::), ia buai fa skdl
gxpugsta nás dg dkgbkhugvg vgbgs gh dkstkhtls iueargs. Gh ia knaegh H½0:,
pldgnls vgr uh crang dgi rgekstrl rgaikzadl gh gi Fg``gi Tfgatgr, dg @griîh.
Knaegh H½0:= Pgekstrl pgrclrnahbg ’Gxgrekg-@uttgr Dahbg„, 0:::
Autlr= Ngiatk Ruryldarnl
Cughtg= Saightkhg Ukiig Ckhg Art
Gh gsta pgrclrnahbg l`sgrvanls a ia artksta rgaikzahdl ia dahza tradkbklhai
dg su paîs hatai, Khdlhgska, a ia buai sg ig sunah trgs gignghtls biavgs para
artkbuiar su dksbursl. Zrkngrl, ia rlpa dg ia artksta, vgstkda blh uh tramg hgerl, nuy
gigeahtg pgrl amustadl, gxplhkghdl tltainghtg ia blhtgxtura y gi sl`rgpgsl dg ia
artksta. Gi sgeuhdl gignghtl qug blnpignghta su vgstknghta slh ils zapatls dg
1: Sgr vkdgl gh= fttp=//vkngl.bln/430555;1
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tabòh rlml, sîn`lil dg ia trahsbuiturkzabkòh plr ia buai ia artksta sg vkl acgbtada, -
igbtura gh `asg a qug ia dahza tîpkba dg khdlhgska sg rgaikza skgnprg dgsbaiza-. [
blnl tgrbgr gignghtl tghgnls uh erah `ilqug dg nahtgqukiia gh gi buai sg rgaikza
ia dahza, il qug khgvkta`ignghtg acgbta`a su gqukik`rkl y prldubg uha y ltra vgz su
baîda. Ia pgrclrnahbg dura aprlxknadanghtg 1: nkhutls, gh ils qug uha y ltra
vgz ia artksta sg bag y sg vugivg a igvahtar, nlstrahdl ia knplsk`kikdad dg
nahtghgr gi gqukik`rkl, ia plsg y, plr ghdg, ia ciukdgz dg ia dahza, a raîz dg il
rgs`aiadkzl qug sg vugivg ia supgrckbkg, sunadl a il dgsgqukik`rahtg dg ils tabls.
Gh ia l`ra, sg l`sgrva blhstahtgnghtg ia ya nghbklhada knplsk`kikdad dg
qukzá ilerar pgrnahgbgr `aml aqugiils gstáhdargs gsta`igbkdls gh rgiabkòh ai
eëhgrl. Il khtgrgsahtg gs ia khskstghbka dg pldgr rgaikzar aqugi `akig, paráhdlsg
uha y ltra vgz a pgsar dg ias duras baîdas.
Mustanghtg gsta pgrclrnahbg, gs uhl dg ils rgcgrghtgs dkrgbtls para nk
tra`aml pgrclrnátkbl, dlhdg gi barábtgr rktuai, ia prgsghbka g khtgrës plr gi eëhgrl y
gstgrgltkpls, nás ia abbkòh y su ëhcasks plr ia knplsk`kikdad, sg trahsclrnah gh
uhls blhbgptls biavgs dg an`as prlpugstas.
Ils artkstas y l`ras gxpugstas, fah skdl partg dg uh blhstahtg gstudkl gh
rgiabkòh a ils rgcgrghtgs qug utkikbgh gi bugrpl cgnghkhl blnl slplrtg l blhbgptl
dg l`ra. Gstls, nubfas vgbgs hl sg rgiabklhah dkrgbtanghtg blh nks gmgrbkbkls,
pgrl sk sg vkhbuiah blh uh prlbgsl blhbgptuai g khvgstkeatkvl para gi dgsarrliil dg
bada uhl. A raîz dg gstl nksnl, gs dlhdg sureg ia hgbgskdad dg piahtgar uh
rgblrrkdl plr nks tra`amls durahtg tldl gi prlbgsl dg ia barrgra.
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4 L@PAR
Gh gstg bapîtuil blnghzargnls plr ils prkngrls gmgrbkbkls rgaikzadls gh gstls
bkhbl añls abadënkbls? dlhdg, iugel dg uh plstgrklr aháiksks, ng fg pgrbatadl dg
qug nks rgcigxklhgs gh tlrhl ai eëhgrl, il cgnghkhl y ils gstáhdargs sl`rg gi
bugrpl.
Ia clrna dg a`lrdar bada tra`aml aquî gxpugstl, sgrá ngdkahtg uh aháiksks
dgsdg gi piahtgankghtl qug prlplhîa gh aqugi ghtlhbgs, y ia igbtura qug
abtuainghtg ig ahgxl a giil. Gi prkngrl dg ils tra`amls aquî prgsghtadls, data dgi
añl 0::;, gh gi ranl dg ’igheuamg cltleráckbl„ durahtg gi prkngr sgngstrg dg nk
barrgra.
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4.1 Rkh tîtuil, (0::;)
Knaegh H½01= Pgekstrl cltleráckbl, ’Rkh Tîtuil„, Pgtratl, 0::;
Autlr= Ahdrga @agza
Cughtg= Cltleracîa dgi Autlr
Rkh Tktuil, (0::;). @aml uhl dg ils ranls trlhbaigs dg ia barrgra, rgaikbë uha
sgrkg dg cltleracîas qug bugstklha`ah ils rligs dg ia `giigza, gspgbîckbanghtg dg
ils báhlhgs gsta`igbkdls slbkainghtg. Zara giil utkikbë trgs nldgils blh dkstkhtas
blhtgxturas, blh gi l`mgtkvl dg blhstrukr uh gsbgharkl an`keul ghtrg giils y ils
nahkquîgs qug gstls iigva`ah blhskel gh gi nlnghtl dg ia tlna. Gh gstg
nlnghtl tghîa ias prgtghsklhgs dg eghgrar, mustanghtg, uha tghskòh ghtrg
aqugiils bugrpls aigmadls dg ils báhlhgs y, ils nahkquîgs? gignghtl qug
rgprgsghtah iktgrainghtg gi gstáhdar-tkpl fkstòrkbl y lbbkdghtai dg ia `giigza? a
partkr dg ias prlplrbklhgs