La planeación de la escritura en un grupo multigrado escolar

7/23/2019 La planeacin de la escritura en un grupo multigrado escolar

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XBH_BUD_ND EB BERHDHNA

RANVB_XNEDE WBEDCCNHD ADHNIAD@RANEDE 764 HI@NMD

MDBXU_D BA BERHDHNAHDMWI NAAIVDHNA BERHDUNVD

@D W@DABDHNA EB @D BXH_NUR_D BA RAC_RWI MR@UNC_DEI EB W_BBXHI@D_

UBXNX

W_BXBAUD

MD_D FDONI@D CD_HD KNMAB[

DXBXI_D EB UBXNXMU_D! LI_UBAHND D@HD_D[ O_NHBI

VN@@D EB @VD_B[ HI@NMD! AIVNBMO_B EB ?744


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XBH_BUD_ND EB BERHDHNA

RANVB_XNEDE WBEDCCNHD ADHNIAD@RANEDE 764 HI@NMD

MDBXU_D BA BERHDHNAHDMWI NAAIVDHNA BERHDUNVD

@D W@DABDHNA EB @D BXH_NUR_D BA RAC_RWI MR@UNC_DEI EB W_BBXHI@D_

UBXNX

TRB WD_D IOUBAB_ B@ C_DEI EBMDBXU_D BA BERHDHNA

W_BXBAUD

MD_D FDONI@D CD_HD KNMAB[

DXBXI_D EB UBXNXMU_D! LI_UBAHND D@HD_D[ O_NHBI

VN@@D EB @VD_B[ HI@NMD! AIVNBMO_B EB ?744


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AENHB

Nauriehhna

Hdwuì N! @d w`dabdhna eb dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd ba a

crwi mùncrdei eb wrbbxhi`dr!

D!- B` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd ba a crwi mùncrdei eb

wrbbxhi`dr!

4!- B|wbrnbahnd wbrxiad`!

O!- B` wrio`bmd eb `d w`dabdhna eb `d bxhrnurd ba wrbbxhi`dr

H!- Mdrhi hiahbwud`!

E!- T xb ld navbxuncdei9 Bxudei eb` Drub!

B!- @d nmwirudahnd eb bxub urdodki!

F!- B` rbhirrnei eb `d navbxuncdhna!

4!- @d dw`nhdhna eb ìx naxurmbauix eb navbxuncdhna; @d

ebxhrnwhna eb `d mbxurd!

?!- @d xnxubmdun{dhna eb ìx eduix rbhdodeix!

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5

3

4?

?4

?8

?3

?; 8?. Ai ld~ hiaihnmnbaui xna naubrx!

Wdxdria ìx dix ~ tnxb baurdr d `d wrbwdrduirnd eb` NXBAHI3 ba b` di

eb 4>>3! ^d bxudaei ba b` Odhln``brdui Wbedccnhi ai ebhned d t anvb` nod d

facnr ba mn `doir himi eihbaub; wrbbxhi`dr i wrnmdrnd!

Iwu wir baurdr d `d @nhbahndurd ba Behdhna Wrbbxhi`dr wirtb xbau

tb ìx wrnmbrix dix xia `d odxb wdrd firmdr `d wbrxiad`nede eb a naenvnei

dx himi xx hiaihnmnbauix debmx ubad `d hrbbahnd< eb tb ìx anix ~

andx ba bxub anvb` xia mx mièbdo`bx tb ìx eb bede eb wrnmdrnd ,xbnx d

eihb dix.!

Erdaub ìx dix ?777 d ?775 hrx `d @nhbahndurd ba Behdhna

Wrbbxhi`dr ba b` NXBAHI eiaeb ba b` ubrhbr xbmbxurb `d eihbaub rbxwiaxdo`b

eb dhimwddraix ba `d mdubrnd eb @bacdkb ~ Himanhdhna aix rbhd`hdod

tb x dxncadurd ubad a md~ir vdìr hrrnh`dr tb b` rbxui eb `dx hrxdedx!

Ba bfbhui bxud eihbaub aix b|ubradod tb b` `bacdkb ~d xbd ird` i

bxhrnui brd eb xmd nmwirudahnd ba b` d`d ~ tb `d behdeird brd b` miebì

eb detnxnhna eb `d `bhuibxhrnurd wirtb dhimwdd d` d`mai wdrd tb ì

hiaxur~d eb mdabrd fdvirdo`b i ebxfdvirdo`b ì hd` hinahneb hia rxd

,?775; ?74. ,. b` `bacdkb bx b` mbeni anvbrxd` ba b` tb xb rbd`n{d `d

himwrbaxna mnxmd! @d firmd eb rbd`n{dhna eb `d himwrbaxna bx `d

naubrwrbudhna!

wd`dord i frdxb! Bxud nebd xwiab tb ad wbrxiad dwrbaeb xmdaei uri{ix eb` iokbui eb bxueni ldxud

tb xb dwriwnd eb` uiei!6Eb dhbrei hia Xl`mda ,4>>3; ?7. @dx hdwdhnedebx xia `dx hdrdhubrxunhdx rb`dunvdmbaub bxudo`bx ~

erdebrdx eb dwunue wriwbaxna hiaihnmnbaui i hdrhubr wriwni eb ìx dhuirbx ~ xna bmodrci

xxhbwuno`bx d mienfnhdhna d urdvx eb` dwrbaen{dkb i eb` ebxdrri`ì!3 Naxunuui eb Behdhna Xwbrnir firmdeir eb wrifbxirdx ~ wrifbxirbx tb udmona ifrbhb odhln``brdui

wbedccnhi!< Eb dhbrei hia Vn`ìri ,4>; 8?. ,!!!. hd`tnbr hrbbahnd da `d mx doxurdhud nmw`nhd b|wbhudunvdx

firm`do`bx d miei eb lnwubxnx tb rbc`da abxurdx dhhniabx ba b` maei!


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dwrbaen{dkb eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui bx a urdodki naub`bhud` ~ ai ad dhunvnede

miurn{ ,XBW ?775; 6?.!

Urdodk ba b` hnhì bxhi`dr ?772-?776 himi behdeird eb anix ~ andx

eb ubrhbr crdei ba a kdrea eb anix eb ircdan{dhna himw`bud ba b` manhnwni

eb Mda{dan`ì! Ioxbrv tb b`ìx ubada `d natnbue eb `bbr ~ bxhrnonr wbri mb

b|ubradoda tb ai xdoda ì tb ebhda `dx `burdx xna bmodrci ubada `d

naubahna eb ldhbrì xi`dmbaub tb xb odxdoda ba b` enoki wdrd ebxhrnonr ì

tb xwiada ebhda `dx `burdx!

Erdaub b` hnhì bxhi`dr ?773-?77


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tb xbaud ba bxb mimbaui d`ci enfhn` `d `doir eihbaub eb ad behdeird

anudrnd dx bx tb iouvb rbxwbxudx himi bxudx;

-U dw`nhd `dx mnxmdx dhunvnedebx wdrd dmoix crdeix dwrbaeba mx!

-Xbwdrd d ìx anix eb ? ~ 8 wirtb ìx hlntnuix ai ub d`hda{da ldhbr

ì mnxmi tb ìx eb 8 ai unbaba `d mnxmd mderb{ ~ wiabx dhunvnedebx

bxwbhnfnhdx wdrd hded ai eb ìx crwix!

-Dw`nhd dhunvnedebx bxwbhfnhdmbaub wdrd 8 b` wricrdmd xb bafihd mx d

bxb crdei debmx ìx eb ? unbaba a di mx wdrd b` wrbbxhi`dr!

-An ub wrbihwbx adenb xb natnbud wir `d w`dabdhna xi`dmbaub u!

Daub bxudx rbxwbxudx ~i ai tbe hiafirmb hia mn w`dabdhna wir ì

tb ai m~ frbhbaubmbaub urdudod eb ldhbr b|w`nhnui wir bxhrnui `d

enfbrbahndhna eb dhunvnedebx wdrd dmoix crwix ebauri eb mn w`da eb h`dxbx!

Udmona ioxbrvdod d mn himwdbrd ba x urdodki tna ubad a crwi

mùncrdei ,4 ~ ?. eiaeb dw`nhdod dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd bafihdedx d ìx

anix tb ~d ldhda bxhrnurdx dxbmbkdedx d `dx hiavbahniad`bx i ìx tb ~d

xdoda bxhrnonr x aimorb!

Ba b` xncnbaub hnhì bxhi`dr ?77 ebhne hdmondrmb d` w`daub` eb `d

himanede eb @imd eb Krb{ eiaeb mn urdodki eihbaub fb bxwbhfnhdmbaub

anudrni ~ eb abvi xb mb vi`vn d wrbxbaudr `d natnbue eb hmi urdodkdr `dbxhrnurd ba a crwi mùncrdei9

Rad vb{ ebxhrnud ebud``dedmbaub himi ld xnei mn urd~bhuirnd himi

d`mad mn firmdhna himi eihbaub dx himi b` xrcnmnbaui eb mn natnbue

eb navbxuncdr b` ubmd eb `d w`dabdhna eb a crwi mùncrdei mb tbed h`dri

tb d wbxdr eb tb lda urdaxhrrnei mx eb xbnx dix eb ldobrxb

nmw`bmbaudei b` WBW ?775 eiaeb xb xbd` ebxeb a wrnahnwni tb b` urdodkihia b` abvi hrrh`m da ebmdaed a hiakaui eb rbuix wbedccnhix wdrd

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`dx wrhunhdx behdunvdx eb `d eihbaub ~ baurb b`ìx xb bahbaurd `d w`dabdhna

ba a crwi mùncrdei!

O!- B@ W_IO@BMD EB @D W@DABDHNA EB @D BXH_NUR_D

BA W_BBXHI@D_

Hdaei lnhb mn wrb-wri~bhui eb navbxuncdhna wdrd nacrbxdr d `d Mdbxurd

eb `d Ranvbrxnede Wbedccnhd Adhniad` ba b` di ?77> w`daub tb ebxbdod

oxhdr dhunvnedebx debhdedx wdrd urdodkdr ba b` anvb` eb wrbbxhi`dr rbxwbhui

d `d bxhrnurd ~ tb ìx anix xdunxfnhnbrda `d abhbxnede eb `bbr ~ bxhrnonr aub|ui wbri hia `dx irnbaudhniabx tb mdrhd b` Hdmwi Firmdunvi44 eb @bacdkb

~ Himanhdhna eb` WBW ?775!

Xna bmodrci d` hrxdr b` Ud``br eb Navbxuncdhna N mn wri~bhui hdmon

eb irnbaudhna wir `dx `bhurdx tb dad`n{dmix `dx dhunvnedebx rbd`n{dedx ~ wir

ì enhli hia mn dxbxird eb Ubxnx ~d tb himi ì dfnrmd Obxu ,4>


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dhunvnedebx eb dhbrei hia `dx abhbxnedebx eb ìx anix ~ h`bx brda b``dx:

ebxhrno `d dhunvnede eb `d `bhhna ~ `d bxurdubcnd eb `d wrifbxird d` himba{dr`d;

x `d behdeird dunbaeb `d naubcrdhna ~ `d naubrhùrd`nede eb ìx anix ~ xn bx

hiaxnebrdei ba `d w`dabdhna dx himi `d bvd`dhna eb `d w`dabdhna!

Xiorb b` wrihbxi eb baxbda{d ~ dwrbaen{dkb ebxhrno b` wrihbxi eb `d

kiraded endrnd eb `d behdeird ~ `d firmd eb dubaebr `dx dhunvnedebx: b` h`nmd

eb` d`d: `d dubahna ~ wdrunhnwdhna eb ìx bxuendaubx: b` dwi~i tb ed `d

wrifbxird d ìx d`maix: `dx bxurdubcndx eb ircdan{dhna eb` crwi i x bxua

dcrwdeix wir hdwdhnede ,Dab|i 4.!

Eb ncd` mdabrd rbd`nhb urbx baurbvnxudx ba b` mbx eb md~i d vdrndx

behdeirdx eb ìx crwix mùncrdeix hia `d fnad`nede ioubabr `d iwnana eb

bxudx dhbrhd eb` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd ba bxuix crwix eiaeb nah` ìx

xncnbaubx hbxuniadmnbauix ,Dab|i ?.;

- T bx wdrd xube `d bxhrnurd9

- T enhb b` WBW ?775 dhbrhd eb `d bxhrnurd ~ hmi ì nahirwird ba x

w`dabdhna9

- T wriwxnui ``bvda `dx dhunvnedebx9

- H`bx xia `dx hiaenhniabx abhbxdrndx wdrd urdodkdr ba b` d`d hia

bxudx dhunvnedebx9

- T bxwbrd tb ìx anix hiai{hda ~ xbwda ldhbr ba a crwi

mùncrdei9

- T dhunvnedebx xb wbeba rbd`n{dr wdrd ìcrdrì9

- Hmi ebxhrnonrd `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd9- Hmi ircdan{d b` unbmwi crwi ~ bxwdhni wdrd rbd`n{dr bxudx

dhunvnedebx9

- Eb t mdabrd uimd ba hbaud ìx dwrbaen{dkbx eb ìx anix eb dmoix

crdeix wdrd tb ìcrba b` ebxdrri`ì eb himwbubahndx9

Enhldx behdeirdx ~ crwix ioxbrvdeix xb hdrdhubrn{dria wir ì

xncnbaub;

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B` wrnmbri brd a crwi eb ircdan{dhna oneihbaub tb xb bahbaurd ba

b` Kdrea eb Anix Crbcirni Uirrbx Tnaubri eb urai vbxwbrunai onhdei d`

xr eb` manhnwni eb Hi`nmd bxwbhfnhdmbaub ba `d hiìand W`dhbudx Bxudeni!

Hiaudod hia ad wio`dhna eb 4> anix ,47 eb 8 ~ > eb ?. wir x wdrub `d

behdeird hbaud hia ?3 dix eb xbrvnhni bx ebhnr d waui eb kon`drxb!

B` xbcaei crwi ioxbrvdei xb onhd ba a Kdrea eb Anix anudrni ~

rrd` eb `d himanede eb `dx Cxnmdx eb` Manhnwni eb Hi`nmd ~ ``bvd wir

aimorb Deb`d D`hdrd{ Ordvi eiaeb `d behdeird unbab ?3 anix eb enxunaudx

bedebx baurb 5 ~ 6 dix eb bede ~ hbaud hia xbnx dix eb xbrvnhni!

B` ubrhbr crwi bx eb ircdan{dhna anudrnd ~ ``bvd b` aimorb eb

Cded`wb Cmb{ Mrtb{ ba `d {iad rrd` eb ìx Irunhbx eb` manhnwni eb

Hi`nmd! Unbab ad wio`dhna eb > anix ,6 eb 8 4 eb ? ~ ? eb 4. baurb

bedebx eb 8 d 6 dix eb bede ~ `d behdeird hbaud hia 47 dix eb xbrvnhni!

Rad vb{ ioxbrvdedx `dx wrhunhdx eihbaubx eb `dx behdeirdx ~

rbd`n{dedx `dx baurbvnxudx ,Dab|i 8. xb rbd`n{ ad xnxubmdun{dhna eb ìx

rbxùdeix ioubaneix wir mbeni eb `d urdaxhrnwhna eb `dx baurbvnxudx ~ `d

ebxhrnwhna eb` endrni!

Ba `dx ebxhrnwhniabx eb` endrni ~ `d xnxubmdun{dhna eb `dx baurbvnxudx xb

nebaunfnh tb ba `d rbd`n{dhna eb xx w`dabdhniabx ai enxurno~ba `dx

dhunvnedebx wdrd xbcaei ~ ubrhbr crdei bx ebhnr eda b` mnxmi unwi eb

dhunvnedebx i naenhdhniabx d ìx crwix himi ì mbxurd b` frdcmbaui eb `d

baurbvnxud d `d behdeird eb ìx Irunhbx;

>! Eb t mdabrd uimd ba hbaud ìx dwrbaen{dkbx eb ìx anix eb

dmoix crdeix wdrd tb ìcrba b` ebxdrri`ì eb himwbubahndx9

Mb dwi~i eb ìx mianuirbx wdrd tb mb d~eba, wbri `dx naenhdhniabx

xia ncd`bx wdrd uieix!

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Xi`dmbaub ad eb b``dx datb ai ì w`daubd ba `d w`dabdhna x ì ldhb

ba `d wrhunhd ~ udmona ì dfnrmd ba `d baurbvnxud ,Behdeird eb` Kdrea eb

Anix Crbcirni Uirrbx Tnaubri eb W`dhbudx.;

>! Eb t mdabrd uimd ba hbaud ìx dwrbaen{dkbx eb ìx anix eb

dmoix crdeix wdrd tb ìcrba b` ebxdrri`ì eb himwbubahndx9

Xn d a ani eb ? `b hbxud enfnhùde a dwrbaen{dkb, wiaci d ai eb 8

wdrd tb ì nmw`xb, debmx himi behdeird `b d~ei hia duibxunmd,

xbcrnede ~ hiafnda{d!

Eb ncd` firmd xx w`dabdhniabx mbxurda tb xi`dmbaub xb urdodkda

dhunvnedebx bxwbhfnhdx eb a xiì hdmwi firmdunvi i eix ~ `dx dhunvnedebx eb

bxhrnurd xbca b``dx `dx urdodkda ba uiei mimbaui ~d tb `dx wbeba rbfir{dr

hia hd`tnbr hdmwi firmdunvi! Wir bxi ba xx firmduix tb xia m~

enfbrbaubx baurb `dx urbx nah`~ba himwbubahndx hdmwix firmdunvix

xnudhniabx enehunhdx dhunvnedebx ~ unbmwi ì tb xn xb enfbrbahnd bx tb ad

eb b``dx vb`vb d rbwbunr dhunvnedebx d` fnad` eb` mbx wdrd hiaxududr tb ìx

nafdaubx detnrnbria `dx himwbubahndx tb xb wrbubaeda hiaxbcnr d` nanhndr b`

urdodki eb enhld w`dabdhna! Udmona ai ldhba eb mdabrd b|w`nhnud `d

enfbrbahnd eb dhunvnedebx eb ìx eix i urbx crdeix xbca xbd b` hdxi eb ìx

crwix! Hdob mbahniadr tb xx w`dabdhniabx ai mb fbria wriwirhniadedx

wdrd fiuihiwndr`dx xna bmodrci `dx urdaxhrno d mn endrni!

Xbca xx b|wrbxniabx ~ ì tb ioxbrv ba hded ad eb xxw`dabdhniabx b``dx ba ihdxniabx ai xncba ìx wdxix `nabd`mbaub tb mdrhd

b` WBW ?775 wdrd b`doirdr`dx hia daunhnwdhna himi;

4! Ba`nxudr `dx himwbubahndx tb mx abhbxnuda xx d`maix!

?! Oxhda dhunvnedebx dhirebx d bxudx himwbubahndx!

8! Enxbda `dx xnudhniabx enehunhdx!

5! Ioxbrvda hd`bx himwbubahndx eb `dx tb ai doiredria xb rb`dhniadahia iurdx!

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2! Hnedr tb b|nxuda himwbubahndx eb ix xbnx hdmwix firmdunvix!

Eb ncd` mdabrd hdaei bxua dw`nhdaei `d w`dabdhna xn a ani

hiaubxud `d rbxwbxud hirrbhud `d eihbaub hrbb tb uieix baubaenbria debmx

xb odxda ba b` wriehui mbkir b`doirdei wir xx d`maix wdrd edr wir lbhli

tb `d himwbubahnd ld xnei ìcrded wir uiei b` crwi xna hbxuniadr d` rbxui eb

ìx anix rbxwbhui d x xb baubaen `d dhunvnede himi ì mbxurd b` xncnbaub

rbcnxuri eb ioxbrvdhna;

Mdbxurd; -D vbr dlird vdmix d wiabr b` ambri eb oi`nhlbx ba bxud

udo`d tb vi~ d enokdr ba b` wn{drra ehubamb himnba{d d enokdr `d

xncnbaub udo`d;

Dmdrn`ì \\ ?

_iki \\ ?

D{` \\\ 8

Adrdakd \ 4

_ixnud \\ ?

,Wdrunhnwd `d md~ird eb `d udreb xiì a ani eb xbcaei.!

Rrnb`; -î xi~ `nxui vbrede mdbxurd tb ~i xi~ `nxui9

Mdbxurd; -Xn brbx m~ `nxui! D vbr vdmix d hiaudr uieix ìx oi`nhlbx 4 ?

8 47!

Rrnb`; 4 ? 847!

Mdbxurd; -M~ onba! Dlird vdmix ldhbr iurd dhunvnede xnaubaxb dlird

ba b` wnxi!

Xb `bvdauda uieix eb x xn``d ~ xb vda kaui hia `d mdbxurd tna xb

xnbaud d a `dei eb` wn{drra ba ad xn``d eb ani ~ ìx hlnhix ba b` wnxi!

Mdbxurd; -D vbr Rrnb` urbmb urbx hbauix eb` rbd eb `bhurd!

,B` ani xb enrncb d` rbd ~ xb ìx urdb.!

Mdbxurd; -D vbr ba bxuix hbauix ld~ ambrix9

Rrnb`; -X ba b` ambri eb wcnadx!

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Mdbxurd; -M~ onba ldobr h`bx xia `dx `burdx i bxuix9

Rrnb`; -@ix ambrix dwdrbhba ba dx wcnadx ~ xnrvba wdrd ebhnr tb

xncb!

Mdbxurd; -M~ onba!

,@d mdbxurd bmwnb{d d dad`n{dr b` `nori Ra kdrea ba u od`ha.

Mdbxurd; -D vbr hmi xb ``dmd bxud wdrub eb` `nori9

,Adenb hiaubxud.!

Mdbxurd; -^d xb `bx i`vnei9 Bxud bx `d wiruded ~ bxud `d hiaurdwiruded

,xbd`daei bxdx wdrubx eba b` `nori.! Dlird vdmix d `bbr a wrihbenmnbaui

wdrd w`daudr dcdhdubx! D`cnba mb wbeb ebhnr wdrd t xnrvba ìx ambrix

dt9 @i vnmix ba `dx rbhbudx!

Rrnb`; -Wbx wdrd xdobr himi ldhbr ad himned i wdrd w`daudr dcdhdubx!

Mdbxurd; -M~ onba! Dlird vdmix d bmwb{dr!

,Xbad b` unmorb eb` rbhrbi.!

Hdob mbahniadr tb `dx dhunvnedebx urdodkdedx ìx edx ioxbrvdeix d `dx

behdeirdx unbaba xbhbahnd hia `dx urdodkdedx ìx edx daubrnirbx xbca

b|wrbxniabx eb ìx anix! Xna bmodrci d wbxdr eb xbr crwix tb unbaba wihix

nafdaubx ai xb ed ad dubahna naenvned`n{ded!

Iurd mdabrd eb hdrdhubrn{dr b` urdodki eb `dx eihbaubx bx ba b` dhimiei

tb `b eda d ìx nafdaubx eb dhbrei hia b` crdei d` tb wbrubabhba ad eb

b``dx ai rbvb`vb ìx wrbbxhi`drbx eb xbcaei ~ ubrhbri ~ `dx iurdx x ì ldhba!

Udmona ìx ircdan{da dhimiedaei d ai eb ubrhbri hia vdrnix eb xbcaei

crdei himi ì mbxurda ìx xncnbaubx frdcmbauix eb `dx baurbvnxudx;

Behdeird eb` Kdrea eb Anix Deb`d D`hdrd{ Ordvi eb `dx Cxnmdx!

2! T bxwbrd tb ìx anix hiai{hda ~ xbwda ldhbr ba a crwi

mùncrdei9

@icrdr tb ìx eb 8 miunvba d ìx eb ?, ~ tb ìx eb 8 ai xb ebubacda

wir ìx eb ?!

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6! T dhunvnedebx xb wbeba rbd`n{dr wdrd ìcrdrì9

Ld~ dhunvnedebx eiaeb ubaci tb xbwdrdr d ìx eb ? ~ 8, bxi bx

ebwbaenbaei eb` mdubrnd`, i un`n{i ìx mianuirbx wdrd miunvdrìx

Debmx ba `dx baurbvnxudx hinahneba ba xx himbaudrnix dhbrhd eb tb `d

bxhrnurd bx a mbeni wir b` hd` b` ani wbeb b|wrbxdrxb ~ eiaeb wbeb

ioubabr nafirmdhna!

Behdeird eb` Kdrea eb Anix Crbcirni Uirrbx Tnaubri eb W`dhbudx!

4! T bx wdrd xube `d bxhrnurd9

Rad firmd tb b` ani wbed b|wrbxdr x mdabrd eb wbaxdr ~ xbaunr!



Rad mdabrd eb himanhdrxb!

Behdeird eb` Kdrea eb Anix Cded`wb Cmb{ Mrtb{ eb ìx

Irunhbx!


Bx a mbeni wir b` hd` ub wbebx b|wrbxdr, ad mdabrd nmwrbxd eb

himanhdrub ~ wir mbeni eb b``d wbebx ioubabr mhld nafirmdhna wdxded,

wrbxbaub ~ furd!

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Eb ncd` firmd ad eb b``dx un`n{d ìx mianuirbx wirtb `d hiavnvbahnd eb

anix eb 8 ? ~ 4 `bx wbrmnub himwdrunr `d nafirmdhna eb ìx nafdaubx mx

crdaebx d ìx mx wbtbix wir b`ì ba b` urdodki ba btnwix ld~ anix eb

enxunauix crdeix!


2! T bxwbrd tb ìx anix hiai{hda ~ xbwda ldhbr ba a crwi

mùncrdei9

B` himwdrunr hiaihnmnbauix ~ ldon`nedebx, debmx eb tb xb himantba

~ b|wrbxba xx nebdx baurb wdrbx!

6! T dhunvnedebx xb wbeba rbd`n{dr wdrd ìcrdrì9

B` urdodki ba btnwi, wirtb mbendaub b`ì unbaba `d iwiruanede eb a

md~ir naubrhdmoni eb nebdx! Udmona b` eb mianuirbx ~d tb odkda `d

nafirmdhna d ìx mx wbtbix!

Xbca bxudx behdeirdx `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd tb mdabkda ba a

crwi mùncrdei xia `dx eb naubrdhhna hia ub|uix hiaihnmnbauix hia

enfbrbaubx ubmdx rb`dhniadr `d bxhrnurd hia hd`tnbr ubmd datb ai xbd

bxwbhfnhdmbaub doiredr b` Hdmwi Firmdunvi eb @bacdkb ~ Himanhdhna!


3! Hmi ebxhrnonrd `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd9

@d b`doirdhna eb hbauix hia dwi~i eb ìx wderbx: ebxhrnonr nmcbabx ~

d`cad dhunvnede eb navbxuncdhna!



4>


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Abhbxdrndx ~ adurd`bx, wirtb datb ai xb w`dabb urdodkdr `d bxhrnurd

vd wir baeb!

Behdeird eb` Kdrea eb Anix Cded`wb Cmb{ Mrtb{ eb ìx

Irunhbx!


Rad naubrdhhna hia ub|uix wdrd ubabr hiaihnmnbauix eb enfbrbaubx ubmdx!

Eiaeb ai xia dhunvnedebx dnx`dedx ~d tb ebob dwrivbhldrxb ba uiei

mimbaui b` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd!

_bxwbhui d` urdodki eb ìx anix web ioxbrvdr tb ìx eb xbcaei crdei

ba x md~ird bxua hd``deix ~ ai hbxuniada debmx wihix eb b`ìx ìcrda

`dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd w`daubdedx wir `d behdeird ba hdmoni ìx eb

ubrhbr crdei ìx rbd`n{da hia fdhn`nede!

Udmona bx abhbxdrni rbxhdudr tb ld~ naubrdhhna eb dmoix crdeix

wbri ai xb hbxuniada baurb x xì ìx eb xbcaei ioxbrvda t ldhba ìx eb

ubrhbr crdei! Debmx xb ebob xbd`dr tb a ani xb ebxudhd d` edr

rbxwbxudx d ìx hbxuniadmnbauix eb `d behdeird!

Rad vb{ tb rbd`nh bxudx ioxbrvdhniabx ~ baurbvnxudx bxuvb dad`n{daei

hded ad eb `dx urdaxhrnwhniabx eb ìx cniabx eb ioxbrvdhna dx himi `dx

rbxwbxudx tb enbria `dx behdeirdx xiorb `dx wrbcaudx eb `d w`dabdhna ~ `d

bxhrnurd wir ì tb xbau tb ldod hnbrudx enfbrbahndx eb ì tb mdrhd b` WBW

?775! Wir b`ì ebubrmna b` wrio`bmd eb bxueni himi; `d dw`nhdhna eb ad

w`dabdhna ai enfbrbahnded ba xx crdeix eb himw`bknede ba a crwi

mùncrdei eb wrbbxhi`dr, ai fdvirbhb `d detnxnhna eb himwbubahndx eb

bxhrnurd eb ìx nafdaubx!

Daub uiei ì daubrnir rbd`nh a hbxuniadmnbaui rbfnrnaeimb d` bmw`bi

eb `d w`dabdhna eb `d eihbaub ba a crwi mùncrdei;

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Hmi xb w`dabda ~ xb ebxdrri``da `dx dhunvnedebx eb `bacdkb bxhrnui

ba a crwi mùncrdei eb wrbbxhi`dr wdrd fdvirbhbr `d detnxnhna eb

himwbubahndx eb bxhrnurd ba ìx nafdaubx9

Dx mnxmi mb w`daubi himi wriwxnui cbabrd` ba bxud navbxuncdhna;

Dad`n{dr `d w`dabdhna ~ b` ebxdrri`ì eb `dx dhunvnedebx eb `bacdkb

bxhrnui ba a crwi mùncrdei eb wrbbxhi`dr wdrd fdvirbhbr `dx himwbubahndx

eb bxhrnurd eb ìx anix ~ andx!

H!- MD_HI HIAHBWURD@

Rad vb{ ebxhrnui b` wriwxnui ~ `d wrbcaud eb mn navbxuncdhna bx

abhbxdrni wrbxbaudr d`caix hiahbwuix tb fbria b` bkb eb mn navbxuncdhna

wir b`ì ìx ba`nxui d hiaunadhna!

Rai eb ìx dxwbhuix hbaurd`bx eb eihmbaui eb navbxuncdhna bx `d

w`dabdhna ~ eb dhbrei hia `d Wriwbxud Wbedccnhd wdrd `d Behdhna

Wrbbxhi`dr eb` Bxudei eb Hi`nmd `d w`dabdhna bx b` wrihbxi tb fdhn`nud `d

xnxubmdun{dhna eb `d naubrvbahna wbedccnhd! Xnxubmdun{dr hiaxnxub ba

irebadr ~ rb`dhniadr uieix ìx b`bmbauix tb naubrvnbaba ba b` wrihbxi

baxbda{d-dwrbaen{dkb wdrrd uimdr ebhnxniabx tb wbrmnuda ìcrdr ìx

wrihbxix tb xb wrbubaeba ,XBW ?774; 25.! Wir ì daubrnir bx abhbxdrni

rbhd`hdr tb wdrd `d rbd`n{dhna eb a oba urdodki eihbaub xb ebob eb ubabr

ad w`dabdhna dhireb d` anvb` bviùnvi eb ìx d`maix eb` crwi tb xb bxud

`doirdaei wirtb eb bxub b`bmbaui faedmbaud` ebwbaeb b` ebxdrri`ì eb `dx

himwbubahndx tb xb tnbrd ìcrdr ba ìx nafdaubx ~ x ai xb ldhb ad

w`dabdhna dhireb d` anvb` bviùnvi eb ìx nafdaubx ai xb ìcrd hia |nui enhli

ebxdrri`ì eb himwbubahndx!

?4


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Rad vb{ ebxhrnuix ìx hiahbwuix tb cndria mn navbxuncdhna mb tbe

da mx h`dri mn iokbui eb bxueni wbri mb fdùdod vbr enhld wrio`bmunhd

ebxeb iurdx wbrxwbhunvdx wir bxi naedcb iurdx navbxuncdhniabx rbfbrbaubx d

bxud ubmunhd!

E!- TR XB LD NAVBXUNCDEI9; B@ BXUDEI EB@ D_UB

Rad vb{ onhdedx `dx wrbcaudx rbhuirdx eb mn navbxuncdhna lnhb ad

navbxuncdhna ba Naubrabu ~ ba `d Ono`niubhd eiaeb oxt enxunaudx fbaubx

ono`nicrfnhdx ba ubxnx xiorb mn wrio`bmunhd! Ba bxb mimbaui fb tb mb

wbrhdu tb b|nxud a ubmd xnmn`dr xiorb ì tb ~i ebxbdod navbxuncdr `d

ubxnx eb Naaivdhna ba `dx firmdx eb baxbda{d eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui ba b`

anvb` wrbbxhi`dr eb _b~bx ,?77


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Bahiaur iuri bxueni m~ nmwirudaub dhbrhd eb `d bxhrnurd ba wrbbxhi`dr

rbd`n{dei ba b` di eb 4>>< ba `d RWA eb Hi`nmd wir Hiona Mbenad ~

Xahlb{ unu`dei B` dhbrhdmnbaui ircdan{dei ldhnd `d `bhuibxhrnurd ba b`

anvb` wrbbxhi`dr! Ba bxub wri~bhui `dx duirdx wriwiaba wiabr ba hiaudhui d

ìx anix hia `d `bhuibxhrnurd eb ad mdabrd ircdan{ded eiaeb dèba d

Wndcbu b|ubradaei tb xb eboba eb uimdr vdrnix fdhuirbx tb naubrvnbaba ba b`

dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd himi `d mderdhna `d b|wbrnbahnd `d urdaxmnxna

xihnd` ~ b` wrihbxi eb btn`nordhna!

Dx mnxmi Crdxxdan ,?775. ba x bxhrnui unu`dei Enxbi eb a

xifusdrb wdrd b` ebxdrri`ì eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui odki a bafitb

fahniad`mbxurd himi b` ri` eb `d eihbaub hdmond eb xbr ad wirudeird eb

nafirmdhna ,urdenhniad`. d ad fdhn`nudeird eb `d b|wbrnbahnd eb` xi eb`

`bacdkb wdrd tb b` ani hiaxur~d x hiaihnmnbaui! Dx mnxmi ba x bxueni

wbrmnub vbr tb `d ``bcded eb ìx abvix mbenix nmwrbxix ai xncanfnhd tb ìx

dauncix ebxdwdrb{hda ~d tb xx fahniabx hdmonda ~ ì hiaunadrda

ldhnbaei!

Udmona ld~ envbrxdx navbxuncdhniabx ba iurix bxudeix ~ wdxbx tb lda

naubaudei edr`b xi`hna d` wrio`bmd eb `d w`dabdhna eb `d bxhrnurd ba crwi

mùncrdei datb b|nxub ad vdrnbede hia b` urdodki eb bxuix crwix ld~

d`cadx tb xia eb un`nede wdrd bxub eihmbaui ~d tb xb rb`dhniada

bxwbhfnhdmbaub hia `d dubahna d crwix mùncrdeix wbri ai hia b` anvb` eb

wrbbxhi`dr xna bmodrci ebhne daiudr`dx wirtb ldo`da eb` wdwb` eb` eihbaub ~

`d firmd ba tb wbeb hiaxurnr x w`dabdhna wir b`ì wbei mbahniadr `dx

xncnbaubx!

Wir x wdrub `d duird Hdrri ,?747. mbahniad iurd naubrvbahna unu`ded

B` mùncrdei himi wriwbxud wbedccnhdeiaeb dèb tb b` enxbi eb

ì w`danfnhdei wbeb vdrndr eb dhbrei hia `dx abhbxnedebx eb hded eihbaub!

Bxud firmd eb urdodki wdxd d hiaxnebrdr d` crwi mùncrdei himi ad h`dxb

naubcrded wir anix hia enfbrbaubx anvb`bx eb hiahbwud`n{dhna d hdrci eb a

mdbxuri eiaeb`d ircdan{dhna wir crdeix bx b|ubrad ~ wrbebubrmnaded wdrd b`

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crwi wbri udmona wbeb odxdrxb ba `d wiubahndhna eb `d {iad eb ebxdrri`ì

wri|nmd` ba b` wrihbxi eb dwrbaen{dkb!

Ba b` wri~bhui cdubmdùbhi Mbkirdmnbaui hd`nudunvi eb `d behdhna

oxnhd ba `dx himanedebx rrd`bx eb Hbauridmrnhd; Dwirubx ebxeb `d

behdhna xwbrnireb _iercb{ ~ Bxurded ,?773. xb ldhb d`xna tb ba

`d wrhunhd wbedccnhd ìx eihbaubx dxmba a wdwb` eb irnbaudeirbx cdx

fdhn`nudeirbx ~ firmdeirbx! Xb rbd`n{d ba a hiaub|ui naubcrd` ba b` hd` xb

ebxdrri``da ìx b`bmbauix faedmbaud`bx eb` hrrhì! Debmx eb tb `d

wrhunhd wbedccnhd bx dhimwdded eb a wrihbxi eb dxnxubahnd uhanhd ba b`

d`d ì tb wbrmnub tb ìx eihbaubx ebxdrri``ba hdmonix hd`nudunvix ba `d

bxhb`d!

Ba iuri wri~bhui eb naubrvbahna hln`bai unu`dei Bxhb`dx _rd`bx

Nahimw`budx hia Hrxix Mùncrdei eb Hdxuri ,4>>8. xb wrbxbaud ad

rbvnxna dadùnhd eb a hiakaui eb b|wbrnbahndx behdhniad`bx eb bxhb`dx

rrd`bx mùncrdei nahimw`budx eiaeb xb mbahniad tb ìx wrifbxirbx eb

bxhb`dx mùncrdeix lda nei bxurhurdaei ad ircdan{dhna wriwnd!

Udmona dfnrmd tb ba hdaui d ub|uix eb dwi~i d` eihbaub `d wriehhna

bxwbhfnhd bx `nmnuded! Ba cbabrd` bx irncnadrnd eb rbcniabx ~ bxu vnah`ded

wrbfbrbahnd`mbaub d` `bacdkb! Xna eed tb `d ifbrud eb ub|uix wdrd b` wrifbxir

bx md~ir: xna bmodrci `d wriehhna eb ub|uix eb wbedcicd ~ uhanhix

bxwbhnd`n{deix wdrd bxuix wrifbxirbx bx m~ rbehned udaui ba ì tb rbxwbhud

d firmdhna cbabrd` xiorb b` ani ~ maei rrd` himi rbxwbhui d hrrh`m

mbuieiìcdx uhanhdx eb` urdodki mùncrdei eiaeb xb ldhb bvnebaub b`wrio`bmd eb navbxuncdhna eb bxub urdodki d` mbahniadr tb ai ld~ xfnhnbaub

ono`nicrdfd xiorb uiei ba b` anvb` eb wrbbxhi`dr!

Eb ncd` firmd Mdaekdai ,?776. ba x wri~bhui @d cbxuna eb `dx

bxhb`dx rrd`bx mùncrdeimbxurd ad xnxubmdun{dhna eb `dx hiaenhniabx

~ b|ncbahndx eb `d demnanxurdhna behdhniad` eb ìx bxudo`bhnmnbauix

mùncrdei rrd`bx! Wrifaen{d ba `dx wdrunh`drnedebx eb `d cbxuna eb bxhb`dxhiafirmdedx wir ai i m~ wihix mdbxurix ba bxhbadrnix eb hùrdx eb

?2


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odkd bxudaedrn{dhna odkd ebaxnede wio`dhniad` ~ bxhdxb{ eb enxhrxix

bxhrnuix wriwndx eb ìx bxhbadrnix rrd`bx hln`baix! @d hdrdhubrn{dhna vd

dhimwdded eb a bxfbr{i b|w`nhdunvi ~ `d enxhxna eb lbrrdmnbaudx wdrd

rbxi`vbr ìx ebxdfix ~ b` mbkirdmnbaui eb ìx rbxùdeix!

Wir x wdrub Xd`cdei ,?77


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B!- @D NMWI_UDAHND EB BXUB U_DODKI

@d baxbda{d eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui ai bx ad udrbd fhn` wir ì hd` ba

bxub urdodki wrbubae naedcdr xiorb `d w`dabdhna eb dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd baa crwi mùncrdei bx ebhnr ldhbr d`ci abvi rbfbrbaub d` ìcri eb `d

bxhrnurd eb ìx anix ba x budwd wrbbxhi`dr!

Ba bxub xbaunei ba `d navbxuncdhna wrbubae dad`n{dr `d w`dabdhna

eihbaub himi ì dfnrmd Wndcbu ,4>


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Urdaxhrno `ix rbcnxurix eb ioxbrvdhna ~ baurbvnxud ba `d hi`mad eb

naxhrnwhna debmx eb hiaxurnr `dx wrnmbrdx nafbrbahndx fdhud`bx ~

hiakburdx ba `d hi`mad eb naubrwrbudhna!

Kila Ico ,4>


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wbaxdmnbauix ~ xbaunmnbauix tb unbaba nmwirudahnd wdrd b` duir ,Mhjbrada

?774; 475. bx ebhnr bx a hiakaui eb aiudx wbrxiad`bx a rbcnxuri

hriai`cnhi eb dhiaubhnmnbauix rnhi ba xbaunmnbauix wbrxiad`bx b nah`xi

hiafbxniabx! ^ xncnbaei ìx wdxix mdrhdeix wir bxub duir ``bv ìx rbcnxurix

ebxwx eb hded ioxbrvdhna wianaei`b fbhld ~ rbfbrbahndx hr{dedx dx

himi b` rbcnxuri eb lbhlix himi rb`duix naubrwrbudunvix!

Dx mnxmi wdrd ìcrdr d` wriwxnui hbaurd` eb bxud navbxuncdhna dw`nt

ad baurbvnxud donbrud d `d behdeird ioxbrvded! @d baurbvnxud donbrud xb

hiahnob himi b` naubrhdmoni vbrod` tb aix d~ed d rbanr eduix erdaub a

bahbauri eb hdrhubr wrnvdei ~ hirend` eiaeb ad wbrxiad xb enrncb d `d iurd ~

hbaud x lnxuirnd ed `d vbrxna eb ìx lbhlix ~ rbxwiaeb d `dx wrbcaudx

rb`dhniadedx hia a wrio`bmd bxwbhnfnhi ,Xnbrrd 4>>


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4!- @D DW@NHDHNA EB @IX NAXU_RMBAUIX EB

NAVBXUNCDHNA; EBXH_NWHNA EB @D MRBXU_D

Rad vb{ ebxhrnuix ìx naxurmbauix tb un`nh bx abhbxdrni wrbhnxdr `dxhdrdhubrxunhdx eb `d mbxurd baubaened himi a xocrwi eb `d wio`dhna

eb b`bmbauix tb wbrubabhba d bxb hiakaui ebfnanei ba xx hdrdhubrxunhdx d`

tb ``dmdmix wio`dhna wir hiaxncnbaub ai web b`bcnr ioxbrvdr d uiedx `dx

behdeirdx tb urdodkda ba a crwi mùncrdei ba b` Bxudei eb Hi`nmd wir

b`ì ebhne ioxbrvdr erdaub hduri mbxbx xi`dmbaub `d wrhunhd eihbaub eb

ad xi`d behdeird tb `doird wriwndmbaub ba a crwi mùncrdei bx ebhnr

eix vbhbx d `d xbmdad hia a uiud` eb vbnaub xbxniabx eb ioxbrvdhna!

B`bc ioxbrvdr d bxud behdeird wirtb hiaudod hia ?3 dix eb

b|wbrnbahnd ~ mb wbrmnun eb mdabrd dmdo`b baurdr d vbr x urdodki ba b`

crwi wbri hia a ifnhni tb vbad enrncnei eb` Ebwdrudmbaui eb `d

Xoenrbhhna eb Wrbbxhi`dr ~d tb xia wihix ìx crwix mùncrdeix tb

urdodkda wir `dx udrebx ~ `dx eihbaubx tb tnxb ioxbrvdr ai dhbwudria!

@d behdeird `doird wir `dx udrebx ba bxub kdrea eb anix mùncrdei

onhdei ba `d hiìand _bd` eb Mnadx eb` Manhnwni eb Vn``d eb `vdrb{! B` w`daub`

``bvd wir aimorb Abvd Hrbdhna ,~d tb xb dhdod eb dornr ba b` hnhì

bxhi`dr ?747-?744 wirtb `d himanede ì rbtbrd. wbrubabhnbaei d `d

ircdan{dhna anudrnd! Bxub kdrea eb anix xb bahbaurd onhdei ba ad hdxd

~d tb ai unbaba w`daub` wriwni ~ ì himwdruba hia `d wrnmdrnd!

@d behdeird unbab ?3 dix eb xbrvnhni bx bcrbxded eb `d Airmd` eb

Hi`nmd eb `d @nhbahndurd ba Wrnmdrnd ~ urdodkd wir `d mddad ba iuri kdrea eb

anix eb Vn``d eb `vdrb{ ~ wir `d udreb ba bxub w`daub`!

B` crwi eb anix hia b` tb `doird bxu hiafirmdei wir 48 anix eb ìx

hd`bx 3 xia eb 8 2 eb ? ~ ? eb 4! Bxub crwi xb hdrdhubrn{ wirtb ìx

nafdaubx eb 4 da xb bahbaurda ba b` wbrniei eb dedwudhna d `d bxhb`d

xdoba bxhrnonr x aimorb `bba ìx `norix wir mbeni eb nmcbabx ~ rbhiaihba

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d`cadx `burdx eb x aimorb i wd`dordx tb himnba{da hia `d nanhnd` eb`

mnxmi!

?!- @D XNXUBMDUN[DHNA EB @IX EDUIX _BHDODEIX

Ebxwx eb ldobr rbd`n{dei `dx vbnaub ioxbrvdhniabx dx himi `d

baurbvnxud d `d behdeird fb abhbxdrni rbd`n{dr a da`nxnx ebud``dei eb uiei ì

tb mb drrik `d dw`nhdhna eb bxudx eix uhanhdx eb navbxuncdhna wir b`ì

ebhne rbd`n{dr ad ebxhrnwhna ebud``ded bxuix eduix ba bxud wdrub `d

navbxuncdhna!

Dx bx tb wdrd rbd`n{dr `dx ebxhrnwhniabx ebud``dedx wrihr ai

durdxdrmb anaca ed ba `d bxhrnurd eb `dx ioxbrvdhniabx ba mn endrni ~d tb

`dx ldhd eix vbhbx wir xbmdad datb `d baurbvnxud `d lnhb ldxud b` mbx eb

Md~i xna bmodrci fb a b`bmbaui h`dvb wdrd barntbhbr mx `dx

ebxhrnwhniabx eb mn navbxuncdhna!

Ra b`bmbaui hbaurd` fb tb `d nafirmdhna rbhdoded ba `dx

ioxbrvdhniabx ~ `d baurbvnxud `d himwdrdod hia `d ubird eiaeb `bd mhldx

vbhbx mnx rbcnxurix hnedaei tb ai xb imnunbrda ebud``bx ~ eb bxud firmd

wenbrda edr rbxwbxud d` wriwxnui eb mn navbxuncdhna!

Rad vb{ dad`n{ded `d nafirmdhna rbhdoded ebhne rbd`n{dr vdrndx

hdubcirdx ~ xohdubcirdx! Wir b`ì ba hded ad eb b``dx ebxhrnod ba firmd

ebud``ded ì tb mb ldod drrikdei `d navbxuncdhna!

Ebxwx eb ì rbd`n{dei ba b` urdodki eb hdmwi ~ da`nxnx eb `d

nafirmdhna wbei dfnrmdr tb `d w`dabdhna eb `d bxhrnurd ba a crwi

mùncrdei bx a rbui wdrd `d eihbaub wirtb b` WBW ?775 ai mdrhd hmi

urdodkdr ba bxuix crwix ~ ai ld~ d`ca eihmbaui tb encd hmi ldhbrì

wbri ì wbeb xwbrdr xn unbab nanhndunvd ~ enxwixnhna wdrd naaivdr ba x

urdodki navbxuncdaei wdrd xwbrdr `d abhbxnede tb wixbb himi eihbaub! Wir

8?


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b``i unbab tb rbhiaihbr tb ai ebob eb cbabrd`n{dr `dx dhunvnedebx wdrd `ix

urbx crdeix xnai oxhdr `dx neabdx wdrd hded ai!

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HDWUR@I NN

@D W@DABDHNA EB DHUNVNEDEBX EB

BXH_NUR_D;

BKB HIAERHUI_ EB@ U_DODKI EB @D

EIHBAUB BA RA C_RWI MR@UNC_DEI


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@D W@DABDHNA EB DHUNVNEDEBX EB BXH_NUR_D; BKB

HIAERHUI_ EB@ U_DODKI EB @D EIHBAUB BA RA C_RWI

MR@UNC_DEI

Wdrd xxubaudr b` urdodki eb mn navbxuncdhna fb abhbxdrni tb rbhrrnbrd

d envbrxdx fbaubx ono`nicrfnhdx wdrd x hiaxùd hia `d naubahna eb ubabr ad

cd tb wbrmnunbrd `d hiaxurhhna eb` mdrhi ubrnhi eb bxub eihmbaui!

Xbca Lbraaeb{ ,?776; 65->2. b` mdrhi ubrnhi bx `d rbvnxna eb `d

`nubrdurd eiaeb xb b|wiaba ~ dad`n{da ubirdx `dx hiahbwud`n{dhniabx `dx

wbrxwbhunvdx ubrnhdx `dx navbxuncdhniabx ~ daubhbebaubx ba cbabrd` tb xbhiaxnebrda wdrd b` bahderb eb hd`tnbr navbxuncdhna! Unbab envbrxdx

fahniabx; d~ed d wrbvbanr brrirbx tb xb lda himbunei ba iurix bxuenix

irnbaud xiorb hmi ldor eb rbd`n{drxb b` bxueni dmw`d b` lirn{iaub eb`

bxueni i cd d` navbxuncdeir eihmbaud `d abhbxnede eb rbd`n{dr b` bxueni

hiaehb b` bxudo`bhnmnbaui eb dfnrmdhniabx tb mx udreb ldora eb

ximbubrxb d wrbod! Ba ì tb rbxwbhud d bxud budwd eb `d navbxuncdhna xb

hiaxnebrda eix wdrubx h`dvbx; b` mdrhi rbfbrbahnd` ~ b` mdrhi hiahbwud`!

Eb ncd` mdabrd Orniabx ,?773; ?. ddeb tb b` mdrhi rbfbrbahnd` bxu

hiaxununei wir a hiakaui eb hiaihnmnbauix tb iurix bxuenixix lda ìcrdei

xiorb b` ubmd i b` wrio`bmd eb navbxuncdhna tb xb ld wriwbxui b`

navbxuncdeir dx tb xb rbd`n{ ad oxtbed b|ldxunvd ba enxunaudx fbaubx

ono`nicrfnhdx himi `norix b Naubrabu wdrd x rbd`n{dhna!

Ba bxub xbaunei udmona lb oxhdei b`bmbauix wdrd xxubaudr b` mdrhi

hiahbwud` eiaeb b` mnxmi Orniabx ,?773; ?. xbd`d tb bx ad b`doirdhna

hiahbwud` eb` hiaub|ui ba b` hd` xb hiaxnebrd b` wrio`bmd! Bxu himwbxui

wir rbfbrbahndx d xhbxix ~ xnudhniabx wbrunabaubx d rbxùdeix eb

navbxuncdhnaebfnanhniabx xwbxuix buh!

Dx bx tb bxub dwdrudei ì envne ba urbx xohdwuìx hirrbxwiaenbaubx d

`dx xncnbaubx urbx enmbaxniabx!

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- Enmbaxna ubmunhd)wbedccnhd! Ba b``d mbahniai ì rbfbrbaub d `d

w`dabdhna ~ `d firmd ba tb xcnbrba urdodkdr`d ba x b`doirdhna d`caix

duirbx himi Frdeb Hi`` ~ Xdhrnxuda! ^ udmona xxubaui ai eb mnx bkbx

wrnahnwd`bx eb bxud navbxuncdhna himi `d bxhrnurd ebxeb `d wbrxwbhunvd eb

Hdxxda~ ~ ìx wricrdmdx eb bxueni vncbaubx!

- Enmbaxna wxnhi`cnhd! Ba b``d mbahniai `d firmd ba tb xb ed b`

dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd ba ìx nafdaubx eb wrbbxhi`dr odxaeimb ba ì tb

enhb Abmnrivxj~ Fbrrbnri dx himi Xb Orbebjdmw!

- Enmbaxna xihnd`! Dt b|wiaci `d nebd eb `d fahna xihnd` eb `d

bxhrnurd himi lbrrdmnbaud xihnd` eiaeb rbhrr d duirbx himi Vnciuxj~ ~Kilaxia!

D!- RAD DW_I\NMDHNA D @IX HIAHBWUIX EB @D

W@DABDHNA ^ @D BXH_NUR_D

Eix b`bmbauix hbaurd`bx eb `dx wrbcaudx eb navbxuncdhna fbria `d

w`dabdhna ~ `d bxhrnurd wir b`ì mb debaurdr ba `d ebxhrnwhna eb bxuix eix

hiahbwuix eb dhbrei d ì tb enhb b` WBW ?775 ~ duirbx himi Frdeb Hi``

Hxxda~ ~ Xdhrnxua!

4!- @D W@DABDHNA ENEHUNHD EBXEB ENFB_BAUBX

MN_DEDX

Wrnmbrdmbaub bx abhbxdrni wrbhnxdr tb b` WBW ?775 ,w! 4?7-4?3.

w`daubd tb ba `d w`dabdhna, b` waui eb wdruned xia `dx himwbubahndx tb xb

oxhd ebxdrri``dr ba ìx wrbbxhi`drbx wir b`ì lda eb uimdrxb ba hbaud urbx

rd{iabx wdrd ebxdrri``dr`dx ba ìx nafdaubx; wirtb ìx anix mbxurda odki

anvb` eb eimnani x eimnani xbd naenxwbaxdo`b wdrd urdodkdr hia iurdx

himwbubahndx ~ tb b|nxub ad bxurbhld rb`dhna baurb `dx mnxmdx!

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Wdrd `d rbd`n{dhna eb `d w`dabdhna xb ld eb xbcnr a wrihbenmnbaui

himi b` xncnbaub;

D. Ba`nxudr `dx himwbubahndx xbca b` ireba eb` endcaxunhi!

O. B`bcnr i enxbdr xnudhniabx enehunhdx!

H. _bvnxdr t iurdx himwbubahndx xb fdvirbhba hia `dx mnxmdx

xnudhniabx!

E. _bd`n{dr b` mnxmi wrihbenmnbaui hia `d xncnbaub himwbubahnd eb `d

`nxud!

B. _bvnxdr xn ba `d xbhbahnd bxua nah`nedx himwbubahndx eb uieix ìx

hdmwix!

F. Xb ioubaer ad xbhbahnd tb wbrmnunr b` doiredkb eb himwbubahndx

eb uieix ìx hdmwix!

Debmx xb xcnbrb uimdr himi anede a mbx eb urdodki ~ hiavnbabwrbvbr dhunvnedebx wbrmdabaubx ~ ubabr ba hbaud tb ldor xhbxix

nmwrbvnxuix tb ebmdaeba dkxubx xiorb `d mdrhld!

Ba `d ircdan{dhna eb` dmonbaub eb urdodkib` WBW ?775 mbahniad m~

wihi dhbrhd eb hmi ircdan{dr d` crwi xna bmodrci xb rbxhdu tb xb

wrbubaeb tb ìx anix xb xnbauda xbcrix rbxwbudeix ~ hia dwi~i wdrd

mdanfbxudr xx wrbihwdhniabx eedx xbaunmnbauix b nebdx! Wir b`ì xb lda

eb hiaxnebrdr vdrnix b`bmbauix `d hiafnda{d eb `d mdbxurd eb` crwi `dx rbc`dx

eb rb`dhna baurb himwdbrix ~ `d ircdan{dhna eb ìx bxwdhnix `d onhdhna eb

ìx enxunauix mdubrnd`bx!

Wir ì daubrnir ebhne hiaxùdr ba a `nori eb` Wricrdmd eb Behdhna

Wrbbxhi`dr eb 4>>? eiaeb ldhb rbfbrbahnd d hnbruix dxwbhuix xiorb b` urdodki

hia crwi mùncrdeix xna bmodrci bxu bafihdei d Kdrenabx eb Anix

Ranudrnix wbri xnrvb himi rbfbrbaub wdrd bxub urdodki! Ba bxub eihmbaui

,XBW 4>>?; >-42. xb w`daubd tb ba bxub unwi eb crwix dxnxuba anix h~d

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Dhunvnedebx wir anvb` eb ebxdrri`ì; @ix anix xb dcrwda eb dhbrei d`

anvb` ba tb xb bahbaurda ~d tb `dx dhunvnedebx bxudra crdededx hia `d

enfnhùde tb wrbxbauda! Xb rbhimnbaed hrbdr btnwix hia aimorbx tb ìx

mnxmix anix xcnbrda wdrd tb xb naubcrba bxuix xocrwix xna mbahniadr b`

wir t eb bxud envnxna dx ba b` mimbaui eb w`dabdr xb ldhb mbahna eb

tb bxub ed urdodkdra ìx rikix i `dx knrdfdx!

Dhunvnedebx naenvned`bx; Xia `dx dhunvnedebx tb hded ani wir x xiì vd

d ``bvdr d hdoi!

Iurd wbrxwbhunvd xb bahbaurd ba b` ub|ui eb @drd Frdeb `d W`dabdhna

wir Himwbubahndx eiaeb ldhb d`xna d `d firmd eb urdodki wirhimwbubahndx! B``d `dx ebfnab ebxeb b` waui eb vnxud eb` enxbi hrrnh`dr

himi `d hdwdhnede bxwbhfnhd tb unbab a xkbui wdrd ebxbmwbdrxb

hiaxnebrdaei `d ebmdaed tb xb wriehb ba b` bauirai ~ xiorb `d hd` unbab

ad naubahna ,Frdeb ?77.!

Xbca Frdeb ,?77


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Eb dhbrei hia bxuix hiaubaneix xb b`ncb `d xnudhna enehunhd mx

wbrunabaub wdrd tb b` bxuendaub xb dwriwnb eb b`ìx!

Xb enxbd `d xbhbahnd eb dhunvnedebx eb `d xnudhna tb ba x

hiakaui rbxi`vbra b` hiaf`nhui hicanunvi!

Xb enxbd ad dhunvnede eb hnbrrb ba `d tb tbeda dxbaudeix ìx

hiaihnmnbauix h`dvb d detnrnr!

Xb bxudo`bhba ìx mdubrnd`bx d un`n{dr hia `d fnad`nede eb tb bxua

himw`buix daubx eb ``bvdr d hdoi `d xnudhna enehunhd ebauri eb` xdà!

Xb ebfnaba ìx naxurmbauix tb xb vda d bmw`bdr wdrd bvd`dr ìx

h`bx eboba bxudr hbaurdeix ba ioxbrvdr b` ebxbmwbi ba b` xi eb`

hiaihnmnbaui detnrnei ba `d rbxi`hna eb wrio`bmdx hiunendaix!

Eb `d mnxmd mdabrd Hi`` ,4>>4; 87-84. ddeb tb b` hrrh`m bx ad

cd wdrd ìx bahdrcdeix eb ebxdrri``drì a naxurmbaui un` wdrd irnbaudr `d

wrhunhd wbedccnhd ad d~ed wdrd b` wrifbxir ìx himwiabaubx eb`

hrrh`m ìx b`bmbauix tb hiaubmw`d wdrd hmw`nr hia |nui `dx fahniabxdaubrnirbx wbeba dcrwdrxb ba hduri hdwuìx;

4! Wriwirhniad nafirmdhniabx xiorb t baxbdr! Bxub hdwuì nah`~b

eix dwdrudeix; hiaubaneix ,bxub urmnai ebxncad `d b|wbrnbahnd

xihnihùrd`mbaub ircdan{ded ~ xb uimd wir ì udaui ba x mx dmw`nd

dhbwhna; hiahbwuix xnxubmdx b|w`nhdunvix ebxurb{dx airmdx vdìrbx buh!. ~

ìx iokbunvix ,ìx wrihbxix eb hrbhnmnbaui wbrxiad` tb xb ebxbd wrivihdr

fdvirbhbr i fdhn`nudr mbendaub `d baxbda{d.!

?! Wriwirhniad nafirmdhniabx xiorb haei baxbdr xiorb `d mdabrd eb

irebadr ~ xbhbahndr ìx hiaubaneix ~ iokbunvix!

8! Wriwirhniad nafirmdhniabx xiorb hmi baxbdr bx ebhnr xiorb `d

mdabrd eb bxurhurdr `dx dhunvnedebx eb baxbda{d)dwrbaen{dkb ba `dx tb

vda d wdrunhnwdr ìx d`maix hia b` fna eb d`hda{dr ìx iokbunvix wriwbxuix barb`dhna hia ìx hiaubaneix xb`bhhniadeix!

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5! Wriwirhniad nafirmdhniabx xiorb t hmi ~ haei bvd`dr! Ba `d

mbened ba tb b` wri~bhui rbxwiaeb d adx naubahniabx `d bvd`dhna bx a

b`bmbaui naenxwbaxdo`b wdrd dxbcrdrxb tb `d dhhna wbedccnhd rbxwiaeb

debhdedmbaub d `dx mnxmdx ~ wdrd nauriehnr `dx hirrbhhniabx iwiruadx ba

hdxi hiaurdrni!

Bx abhbxdrni wrbhnxdr tb Xdhrnxua ,4>; 445-442. ldhb d`xna d a

endcrdmd xiorb `d firmd ba tb xb ebob ebxdrri``dr b` ubrhbr anvb` eb`

hrrh`m tb ba bxub hdxi xbrd `d w`dabdhna bkbhuded wir `d eihbaub frbaub

d` crwi ~ tb baahni d hiaunadhna xx b`bmbauix!

Iokbunvix; Ba cbabrd` ldhb rbfbrbahnd d a hiaubanei d `d wriwnd mdubrnd!

Xihnibxurhurd; Ldhb rbfbrbahnd d uied naf`bahnd xiorb b` wrihbxi eb

baxbda{d tb dhud mnbaurdx xb ebxdrri``d xud wrnahnwd`mbaub nahnenbaei

xiorb ìx d`maix ba firmd wixnunvd i abcdunvd!

Wxnhibxurhurd; Ebauri eb bxud enmbaxna xb hiaxnebrda urbx dxwbhuix

enfbrbaubx; d. B` bxudei nanhnd` eb` xnxubmd enxhbaub ,d`mai. bxudei eb xx

nafirmdhniabx wrbvndx buh! o. B` bxudei eb himanhdhna b`bcnei; Naxurhhnanaenvned` eb a eihbaub d a d`mai xnxubmd wdrd`bì ba b` tb mx eb a

d`mai rbhnob ad mnxmd nafirmdhna ~ xnxubmd crwd` eiaeb wrifbxir ~

d`maix naubrdhhniada uieix baurb x! h. @b~bx eb` himwirudmnbaui ~ fahniabx

wxnhi`cnhdx eb` tb dwrbaeb; wbrhbwhna rbhbrei iordr buh!

Mbenix; Fbaubx nambendudx eb nafirmdhna wdrd b` d`mai!

Mdubrnd; Xb rbfnbrb d ìx hiaubaneix hicaixhnunvix dfbhunvix i

wxnhi`cnhix eb `d baxbda{d nah`~baei baurb ìx wrnmbrix d ìx lbhlix

wrihbenmnbauix ~ bxunìx eb wbaxdmnbaui!

Muiei! Bx a kbci eb rbc`dx tb enhb ì tb ld~ tb ldhbr ~ ba t

ireba eb ad firmd cbabrd` i hia mx wrbhnxna!

Wir uiei ì daubrnir rbxùd h`dri tb `d w`dabdhna bx `d cd hbaurd` wdrd`d bkbhhna eb` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd eb `d behdeird!

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?!- @D BXH_NUR_D EBXEB ENFB_BAUBX WIXUR_DX

@d bxhrnurd bx a bkb hbaurd` eb bxub eihmbaui wir ì hd` ebhne

hiaxùdr envbrxix duirbx himi Hdxxda~ ~ Fiax tnabx eda dwirudhniabxwbrunabaubx wdrd xxubaui eb` mnxmi!

Xbca Hdxxda~ ,4>>>; ?8-5?. bxhrnonr bx ad eb `dx vdrndedx firmdx eb

dhunvnede enrncnedx ldhnd `d hiaxbhhna eb iokbunvix ~ ld eb ubabr `dx

xncnbaubx hdrdhubrxunhdx;

-Hiaub|ud`n{dhnia! Hded xi `nacxunhi ~ hded dhunvnede eb himwixnhna

bx a dhui hiaub|ud`n{dei tb unbab `cdr ba ad eb `dx hnrhaxudahndxubmwird`bx ~ bxwdhnd`bx ~ hia aix naubrìhuirbx hiahrbuix tb himwdruba a

henci hima wbrubabhba wriodo`bmbaub d ad mnxmd himanede `nacxunhd!

-Wrihbxi enamnhi ~ donbrui! B` mbaxdkb ai bxu d`mdhbadei ba b` ub|ui

xnai tb xb b`doird d wdrunr eb `d naubrdhhna baurb ìx hiaihnmnbauix wrbvnix eb

ìx naubrìhuirbx ~ ìx xncaix bxhrnuix!

-Enxhrxi ircdan{dei! @ix xix `nacxunhix xia anedebx nebaunfnhdo`bx ~

bxurhurdedx datb xb dwi~ba ba xnudhniabx ai vbrod`bx hiahrbudx ~

ebwbaeda eb` hiaihnmnbaui bahnhìwenhi eb ìx ldo`daubx!

-Cabri ~ wi`nfiad! Hded ai eb ìx hiaub|uix xihnd`bx i bxfbrdx

himanhdunvdx ,`d demnanxurdhna wo`nhd ìx mbenix eb himanhdhna buh!.

enxwiab eb x wriwnd urdenhna enxhrxnvd tb hiaunbab hiavbahniabx dhbwudedx

wir ìx ldo`daubx! _drdmbaub a ub|ui bx i fb b` wrnmbri bx ebhnr nah`~b

vihbx wrbvndx d abxuri naubrhdmoni ub|ud`!

-Vdrndhna! @i bxhrnui vdrd rbxwbhui d `d end`hunhd ~ d `d fahna!

-@d wbrxwbhunvd hrnunhd! @d `bacd ai rbf`bkd `d rbd`nede xnai b` waui eb

vnxud eb `d rbd`nede eb` duir!

Ba firmd xnmn`dr Hinc ,?774; 456-425. dènbaei d Fìsbr ~ Ld~bxxixunbab tb b` dhui eb bxhrnonr xb himwiab eb urbx wrihbxix oxnhix; ldhbr

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w`dabx rbedhudr ~ rbvnxdr ~ eb a mbhdanxmi eb hiauri` tb xb bahdrcd eb

rbc`drìx ~ eb ebhnenr ba t mimbaui ebob dhudr ai iuri! Udmona

naubrvnbaba iurix eix himwiabaubx; `d mbmirnd d `drci w`d{i eb` bxhrnui 48 ~ `d

xnudhna eb himanhdhna45! Wir b`ì wdrd a mbkir baubaenmnbaui xb n`xurd b`

Miebì eb` wrihbxi eb himwixnhna bxhrnud eb Fìsbr ~ Ld~bx;

Miebì eb` wrihbxi eb himwixnhna bxhrnud eb Fìsbr ~ Ld~bx ,Fbaub Ki`nobru?77?; 8.!45

@d xnudhna eb himanhdhna hiaunbab uieix ìx b`bmbauix b|ubraix d` bxhrnuir; b` wrio`bmd rburnhihiakaui eb hnrhaxudahndx tb ldhba tb a xkbui ebhned bxhrnonr ~ ì tb xb bxhrnob b` ub|ui, tb bx `d

rbxwbxud i xi`hna tb xb ed d bxubwrio`bmd ,Hinc ?774; 45


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Ba ì rbfbrbaub d` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd ba b` crwi bxhi`dr Hdxxda~

,4>>>; 458-425. dèb d eix hiahbwuix wxnhi`cnhix faedmbaud`bx tb

detnbrba rb`bvdahnd enehunhd himi ì xia `d [iad eb Ebxdrri`ì Wr|nmi i b`

hiakaui eb xix vbrod`bx tb b` dwrbaen{ bxu ba hiaenhniabx eb dwrbaebr d

rbd`n{dr duaimdmbaub hia `d d~ed eb a b|wbrui ~ b` daedmndkb `nacxunhi

i b` himwirudmnbaui naubrdhunvi tb unbab tb mdaubabr b` naubrìhuir wdrd

fdhn`nudr b` dwrbaen{dkb!

Ba urdodkix eb crwi eb dwrbaenhbx eb` mnxmi anvb` eb hiaihnmnbaui ~

ldon`nedebx wbeba cbabrdr wrihbxix eb ebxdrri`ì hicanunvi! @d anhd

hiaenhna tb eboba eb hmw`nr bxudx dhunvnedebx bx `d eb hiaubabr ri`bx i

fahniabx enfbrbaubx ~ himw`bmbaudrndx wdrd hded mnbmori eb` crwi wdrd

wiebr d~edrxb i duirbc`drxb baurb x!

Hdxxda~ ,4>>>; 452. mbahniad tb `d himwixnhna hiiwbrdunvd baurb

himwdbrix dwirud hnbruix obabfnhnix;

-Wbrmnub vbrod`n{dr ìx wrio`bmdx eb `d himwixnhna ldhbrìx hiaxhnbaubx

~ rbxi`vbrìx hiiwbrdunvdmbaub!

-Fdvirbhb `d hdwdhnede eb ldo`dr xiorb `d `bacd!

-Wbrmnub enxurnonr baurb himwdbrix `d hdrcd hicanunvd eb `d cbxuna

ub|ud`!

Eb `d mnxmd mdabrd bxub duir mbahniad ìx w`daubdmnbauix enehunhix

eb` dwrbaen{dkb hiiwbrdunvi baurb ìx hd`bx ld~ vdrnix wrnahnwnix wbedccnhix

,Hdxxda~ 4>>5; 453-45


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-Hded mnbmori eb` btnwi dxmb rbxwiaxdon`nedebx enfbrbaubx ~

himw`bmbaudrndx rbxwbhui d `d dhunvnede eb uiei b` hi`bhunvi!

-@dx dhunvnedebx unbaba naubrebwbaebahnd wixnunvd wir `d tb hded

naenvnei bxu miunvdei d~edr d ìx himwdbrix!

Eb `d mnxmd mdabrd bxub duir onhd `d baxbda{d eb d bxhrnurd ebxeb

a bafitb himanhdunvi eiaeb ebxudhd tb wdrd b` enxbi eb dhunvnedebx

ebxudhd vdrnix wauix; `d nmwirudahnd eb bxhicbr udrbdx xncanfnhdunvdx: ìx

enxunauix unwix eb iokbunvix tb xb wbeba w`daubdr ba `d udrbd: `d nmwirudahnd

tb wbeba ubabr ìx oirrdeirbx himi b`bmbaui fxnhi rbc`deir eb` wrihbxi ~

`d bvd`dhna firmdunvd ,Hdxxda~ 4>>5; 427-42?.!

B` urdodki ba a crwi eb` anvb` eb wrbbxhi`dr ebmdaed lirdx eb `doir ba

`d w`dabdhna wir b`ì wdrd ioubabr ad debhded naubrvbahna rbxwbhui d`

urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd xb eboba ubabr ba hbaud vdrnix dxwbhuix himi ì

xbd`d Fiax tnba mbahniad fahniabx eb `d eihbaub ebxeb a waui eb vnxud

hiaxurhunvnxud xbd`daei tb ld eb uimdr ba hbaud tb Hded naenvnei xb

dhbrhd d ì abvi hia xx rbwrbxbaudhniabx wrbvndx! D`cadx vbhbx xb wbeb

naubrwrbudr b` abvi iokbui eb hiaihnmnbaui hia ìx xncanfnhdeix tb ~d wixbbamnbaurdx tb iurdx vbhbx bx wrbhnxi rbxwiaebr d` ebxdfi tb wrbxbaud b`

abvi hiaubanei wdrd naubcrdrì ,?774; 42>.! Wir b`ì `d wrifbxird ld eb uimdr

b` wdwb` eb mbendeir fdhn`nudeir hrbdeir eb hiaenhniabx abhbxdrndx wdrd tb

xb wrie{hd dwrbaen{dkb!

Wdrd dubaebr ì daubrnir himi mbahniad Fiax ,?774; 467. xb ld eb uimdr

ba hbaud ba b` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd tb; ìx anix ``bcda d `d bxhb`d hia

b|wbrnbahndx wrbvndx eb `d `bacd bxhrnud: ìx behdeirbx eboba eb wriwiabr

xnudhniabx ba `dx tb b` hiaihnmnbaui wbed xbr rbhiaxurnei wir ìx anix ~

xb `bx e `d wixnon`nede eb wiabr ba kbci xx wriwndx aihniabx datb xbda

brrabdx ebxeb b` waui eb vnxud eb ìx deùix: bx abhbxdrni barntbhbr `dx

wixnon`nedebx eb naubrdhhna eb` ani hia mdubrnd`bx nmwrbxix eb x bauirai ba

xnudhniabx tb `dx tb ìx deùix abhbxnuda `bbr ~ bxhrnonr: ebob wiubahndrxb

tb b` ani hiaxur~d dhunvdmbaub xx hiaihnmnbauix!

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Daub `d w`danfnhdhna eb ìx hiaubaneix eb bxhrnurd xbd`d ì xncnbaub

@ix hiaubaneix tb eboba baxbdrxb wdrd dwrbaebr d `bbr ~ d bxhrnonr xia

dtb`ìx tb xb ebxwrbaeba eb` iokbui eb hiaihnmnbaui wriwbxui; b` ub|ui

bxhrnui wdrd hded iokbunvi `d xb`bhhna ~ `d enrbhhna tb uimdra ìx enxunauix

hiaubaeneix xbr enxunaud ,Fiax ?774; 4


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w`daubdedx ba b` crwi: ircdan{dr `dx udrbdx ~ dxmnr rbxwiaxdon`nedebx ~

wiabr ba hima b` urdodki rbd`n{dei ba d`cad dhunvnede naenvned` i ba crwix

rbehneix wdrd dfriaudr enxunauix wrihbxix ~ enxunauix rbxùdeix ~ barntbhbrxb

eb `dx b|wbrnbahndx eb ìx ebmx!

?. Dhunvnedebx ba crwi rbehnei ~ ba wdrbkdx eb urdodki! X hiaxunuhna

wrimbvb b` urdodki rbf`b|nvi fdhn`nuda `d naubrdhhna hiiwbrdunvd ~ wbrmnuba ad

naubrvbahna eb` deùi dkxuded42! Xbca `d fnad`nede tb xb wbrxncb xb wbeb

kxunfnhdr b` unwi eb dcrwdhna iuri! Dubaebr d ìx hrnubrnix eb` dwrbaen{dkb

xncanfnhdunvi xb hiah`~b tb ìx crwix eboba dwirudr vdrnbede eb anvb`bx ~

bvnudr `dx enxwdrnedebx! X xb wiaba kauix d`maix eb a mnxmi anvb` `d

naubrdhhna bx m~ wiorb: xn xia eb anvb`bx m~ enxwdrbx aix wiera d~edr

d iurix wbri `d nafirmdhna xb mivbr ba ad xi`d enrbhhna: ba hdmoni x ìx

anvb`bx xia enxunauix xna xbr m~ enxwdrbx eb mdabrd tb wbeda himwdrunr

{iadx eb ebxdrri`ì wr|nmi ba wd`dordx eb Vnciuxj~ `d naubrdhhna wbeb

vbrxb barntbhned ~ wbrmnunr b` uraxnui eb` ebxdrri`ì rbd`d` ebxdrri`ì wunmi!

Eb uiei b`ì xb ebxwrbaeb `d abhbxnede eb vdrndr b` unwi eb dcrwdhna eb

d`maix d ì `drci eb` hrxi wdrd tb uieix ubacda `d wixnon`nede eb wdrunhnwdr

ba b` ri` eb` b|wbrui eb ncd` i eb dwrbaen{ ba b` urdodki ba crwi xb wbeba

urdodkdr wir mbeni eb rnahiabx i ud``brbx!

8. Dhunvnedebx naenvned`bx! Radx vbhbx bxud dwirudhna wbrxiad` xb ldhb

vnxno`b wbxui tb ebxwx eb ad rbf`b|na ba crwi xb wriwiab ad udrbd

naenvned`! Bx m~ naubrbxdaub tb ba bxub unwi eb dhunvnedebx hded d`mai

wbed bxhicbr `d tb wrbfnbrd rbd`n{dr ba dtb` mimbaui ~d xbd wirtb `b

cxud mx wirtb tnbrb wrdhunhdr dtb`ì hrbb tb `b hiavnbab buh!

_bxwbhui d ìx mdubrnd`bx mbahniad ì xncnbaub xb xda ba `d bxhb`d

wdrd baxbdr d `bbr ~ bxhrnonr xia a rbf`bki eb` w`daubdmnbaui tb b` btnwi eb

wrifbxirbx ldhb xiorb `d baxbda{d ~ dwrbaen{dkb eb `d `bacd bxhrnud! Ba `d

xb`bhhna eb ìx mdubrnd`bx ebobrd ubabrxb xnbmwrb ba hbaud eix hrnubrnix tb

ubacda xbaunei ~ tb xbda rbd`bx! Debmx ìx mdubrnd`bx eboba xbr envbrxix ~

eboba ubabr b` md~ir wdrbhnei d ìx firmduix tb `d xihnbede d`fdobun{ded

42 B` urdodki ba crwix rbehneix i ba wdrbkdx wbrmnub d` mdbxuri dhbrhdrxb eb mdabrd wunmd d `d

rbd`nede eb hded d`mai ,Fiax ?774; 4


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un`n{d; `norix hdrudx fi``buix eb wriwdcdaed rbvnxudx wbrnenhix buh ,Fiax

?774; 4.!

Wir `unmi Fiax mbahniad xiorb `d fahna eb `d eihbaub ~d tb `d

ebxhrnob himi `d rbxwiaxdo`b eb ``bvdr d hdoi `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd wir

b``i ebob eb rbd`n{dr envbrxdx udrbdx ebauri eb` crwi ud` bx b` hdxi eb `dx

xncnbaubx ,Fiax ?774; 4>2-?7


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D` hiah`nr xiorb `d firmd eb w`dabdr b` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd rbxùd

abhbxdrni uimdr ba hbaud vdrnix dxwbhuix wdrd b` ìcri eb himwbubahndx ba

ìx d`maix ud` bx b` hdxi eb `d mdabrd ba tb hiahbonmix `d bxhrnurd himi

eihbaubx ìx hiaubaneix tb xb oxhda fdvirbhbr ba ìx nafdaubx `d

ircdan{dhna eb` crwi ~ ìx mdubrnd`bx d un`n{dr!

O!- B@ DW_BAEN[DKB EB@ @BACRDKB BXH_NUI BA @D

BEDE W_BBXHI@D_ XBCA ENXUNAUIX DRUI_BX

Ra crwi mùncrdei bxu hiafirmdei wir anix eb envbrxdx bedebx ~ wir

baeb hia enfbrbaubx anvb` bviùnvix ba x dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd dx bx

tb ba bxub xohdwuì wrbubaei ebxhrnonr `dx budwdx tb wdxd b` nafdaub ba b`

dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd odxaeimb ba `dx dwirudhniabx eb Abmnrivxj~ ~

Fbrrbnri ,?772. Orbebjdmw ~ Hiww`b ,?772. dx himi `d {iad eb ebxdrri`ì

wr|nmi eb Vnciuxj~ ,?774.!

Ba a wrnmbr mimbaui bx abhbxdrni mbahniadr tb Abmnrivxj~ ,XBW

?772 w; ?78-?7>. tna dèb d Bmn`nd Fbrrbnri xiorb `dx budwdx eb `ddetnxnhna eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui eiaeb envneb ba urbx anvb`bx xhbxnvix ba b`

wrihbxi eb dwrbaen{dkb eb` xnxubmd eb bxhrnurd!

Ba b` wrnmbr anvb` ìx anix oxhda enxunacnr ìx mieix oxnhix eb `d

rbwrbxbaudhna; b` enoki ~ `d bxhrnurd eiaeb xb unbaba eix hdrdhubrxunhdx; `d

dronurdrnbede; ,`dx `burdx ai rbwriehba `d firmd eb ìx iokbuix. ~ bxua

irebadedx eb firmd `nabd`!

Crfnhi rbuimdei eb `d `bhurd eb Mnrndm Abmnrivxj~; nafdaub tb xb bahbaurd ba

b` wrnmbr anvb` bviùnvi eb` dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd ,Fbaub XBW ?772; ?75.

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Ba b` xbcaei anvb` ìx nafdaubx bxudo`bhba eix wrnahnwnix ircdan{deirbx

b` wrnmbri dèb d `dx b|ncbahndx hdaunudunvdx ,hdaudx `burdx eboba ubabr

himi manmi ad wd`dord. ~ `dx b|ncbahndx hd`nudunvdx ,t vdrndhniabx ebob

ldobr baurb `dx `burdx.!


b` xbcaei anvb` bviùnvi eb` dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd ,Fbaub XBW ?772; ?72.!

5>


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Ba b` ubrhbr anvb` himnba{da d bxudo`bhbr rb`dhna baurb ìx dxwbhuix

xiairix ~ ìx dxwbhuix crfnhix eb `d bxhrnurd mbendaub urbx mieix bviùnvix

xhbxnvix; `d lnwubxnx xnònhd `d xnònhi-d`fdounhd ~ `d d`fdounhd!

Ba `d lnwubxnx xnònhd un`n{da ad `burd wdrd rbwrbxbaudr hded x`dod!

@d lnwubxnx xnònhi-d`fdounhd bx a wbrniei eb urdaxnhna eiaeb ixhn`d

baurb ad `burd wdrd hded x`dod ~ ad `burd wdrd hded xianei!

@d lnwubxnx d`fdounhd eiaeb hded `burd rbwrbxbaud a xianei eiaeb `d

bxhrnurd eb` ani xb dxbmbkd d `dx hdrdhubrxunhdx eb` xnxubmd hiavbahniad`

wbri xna xi eb `dx airmdx iruicrfnhdx!


b` ubrhbr anvb` bviùnvi eb` dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd ,Fbaub XBW ?772; ?73.!

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Bxud dwirudhna eb Abmnrivxj~ ,?772. wbeb xbr ioxbrvded ba `d

dw`nhdhna eb `d w`dabdhna ba a crwi mùncrdei ~d tb ld~ ad

hiavnvbahnd eb anix hia enfbrbaubx anvb`bx bviùnvix ba b` dwrbaen{dkb eb `d

bxhrnurd!

Ra bafitb xnmn`dr w`daubd Orbebjdmw ~ Hiww`b ,XBW ?772 w; ?4>.

tnba ebxhrnob a oixtbki eb` ebxdrri`ì fxnhi ba anix eb urbx hduri ~ hnahi

anix eiaeb ldhb lnahdwn xiorb `d hdaunede ~ b` rnumi eb hrbhnmnbaui xbca `d

bede eb ìx nafdaubx: debmx w`daubd xiorb b` dxwbhui eb mderdhna ~d tb

ìx mivnmnbauix mbkirda hiafirmb `d `dubrd`n{dhna ,hded lbmnxfbrni hbrbord`

ebxdrri``d fahniabx b naubrhiab|niabx xbwdrdedx. ~ `d mnb`nan{dhna ,b` wrihbxi

eb dnx`dr b` xnxubmd abrvnixi hia `d crdxd. xb lda ubrmnadei wir himw`bui d ìxxbnx dix wir b`ì ba b` dxwbhui eb `d bxhrnurd xiorb `dx b|wbhudunvdx

cbabrdedx ba b` ebxdrri`ì eb miurnhnede fnad xb w`daubd ix xncnbaub rbxwbhui

d `dx ldon`nedebx!

Wdrd anix eb urbx dix eb bede; Enokda firmdx himi a hrhì

bmwnb{d d enxbdr iokbuix himi ad hdxd i fncrd: enokd iokbuix hia d`cad

rb`dhna baurb b`ìx! Xixunbab `d hrd~i`d i mdrhdeir hia ìx ebeix ba `cdr eb

hia b` wi!

Ba ìx anix eb hduri dix w`daubd ì xncnbaub; Enokd himonadhniabx eb

firmdx xnmw`bx: enokd wbrxiadx d` mbaix hia hduri wdrubx dx himi iokbuix

tb xia rbhiaihno`bx wir ìx deùix!

^ wdrd ìx anix eb hnahi dix eb bede; Hiwnda mx eb eix firmdx

cbimurnhdx ba enokix ~ hiaxurhhna! Enokd wbrxiadx: bxhrnob `burdxrenmbaudrndx wbri `d md~ird xia rbhiaihno`bx wir a deùi nah`~b a

hiaub|ui i bxhbad ba ìx enokix ~ bxhrnob x aimorb!

Eb mdabrd hiakaud hia ì daubrnir Mbbhb ,?774; ??


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hia `norix tb xb bahbaurd ba b` dmonbaub: eb bxb miei ebxhorb `dx

rb`dhniabx baurb bxhrnurd xianei ~ xncanfnhdei!

Rai eb ìx fdhuirbx mx nmwirudaubx tb xb xbd`da bx b` dxwbhui fdmn`ndr

~ tb ebwbaenbaei eb `d naf`bahnd eb bxu b` ani himba{dr d `bbr ~ bxhrnonr

ubmwrdadmbaub @ix bxhrnuirbx ubmwrdaix bxua nambrxix ba a dmonbaub

`burbdei! Vnciuxj~ ai mbahniad budwdx xnai `d bxunm`dhna ba b` ani eb`

hiaub|ui xihnd` ebxeb urbx anvb`bx ,XBW ?775; 5-27. rbhiaihd tb ld~ rbtnxnuix eb `d

mderdhna abhbxdrnix wdrd ebubrmnadeix ìcrix hicanunvix ai hrbd tb `d

mderdhna ebubrmnab uiud`mbaub b` ebxdrri`ì! @d mderdhna naf`~b ba tb b`

ani wbed ldhbr hnbrudx hixdx i ai! Debmx naxnxub ba tb ebob hiaxnebrdrxb

b` anvb` eb dvdahb eb` wrbbxhi`dr wbri udmona wrbxbaurxb`b nafirmdhna tb

xncd wriwnhndaei x ebxdrri`ì! Datb udmona xn xb wdxd wir dùi b` anvb`

d`hda{dei xb wierd hiafaenr b` mimbaui ba tb ìx nafdaubx bxua `nxuix wdrd

dwrbaebr d`ci ba wdrunh`dr ~ wrbxbaudr`bx wir ì udaui a mdubrnd` tb ìx

frxurdrd ebonei d x crdei eb enfnhùde! @ix mdbxurix eboba eb dkxudr xx

muieix hiaxudaubmbaub wdrd debhdr b` wrihbxi eb dwrbaen{dkb ~ baxbda{deb hded ani!

Daub ì daubrnir Vnciuxj~ mbahniad `d [iad eb Ebxdrri`ì Wr|nmi tb

wbeb xbr dw`nhdo`b wdrd `d naubrvbahna eb `d eihbaub ba a crwi mùncrdei

ebfnanaei`d himi ì xncnbaub;

@d {iad eb ebxdrri`ì wri|nmd` ebfnab dtb``dx fahniabx tb

uiedvd ai mderda xnai tb xb ld``da ba wrihbxi eb mderdhna

2?


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fahniabx tb mderdra mddad wbri tb dhud`mbaub bxua ba

a bxudei bmorniadrni! Ebob ``dmrxb`bx oiuiabx i fìrbx eb`

ebxdrri`ì ~ ai xx fruix! B` dhud` anvb` eb ebxdrri`ì ì

hdrdhubrn{d ba firmd rburixwbhunvd mnbaurdx tb `d {iad eb

ebxdrri`ì wri|nmi ì hdrdhubrn{d ba firmd wrixwbhunvd! Ba `d

wrhunhd `d {iad eb ebxdrri`ì wr|nmi rbwrbxbaud `d orbhld baurb

ì tb b` ani wbeb ldhbr wir x mnxmi ~ ì tb wbeb ldhbr hia

d~ed! ,Mbbhb ?774; 484.

[iad eb Ebxdrri`ì Wr|nmi ,Fbaub Mbbhb ?774; 484.

Ba bxub xbaunei tbed h`dri tb d` w`dabdr `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd xb

ebob rbd`n{dr ad ioxbrvdhna eb uieix ìx nafdaubx tb hiafirmda b` crwi ~

eb bxud mdabrd ebubrmnadr eb t firmd xb enxbdra `dx dhunvnedebx wdrd

urdodkdr`dx ba uiei b` d`d uimdaei ba hbaud `d envbrxnede eb anvb`bx

bviùnvix tb xb bahbaurd hded ai eb ìx tb hiafirmda enhli crwi!

H!- @D NAF@RBAHND EB@ DMONBAUB XIHND@ BA B@

DW_BAEN[DKB

B` dmonbaub bx a b`bmbaui faedmbaud` wdrd b` dwrbaen{dkb eb` `bacdkb

bxhrnui ~ ba b` d`d mùncrdei xb wbeb vbr h`drdmbaub bxui ~d tb ld~ anix

tb x bxhrnurd xb dxbmbkd mx d `d hiavbahniad` i unbaba natnbue wir bxudr

Anvb` eb` ebxdrri`ì wiubahndÈbubrmnadei wir `d xi`hna ebwrio`bmdx ba hi`doirdhna hia axihni mx hiaihbeir

Anvb` eb` ebxdrri`ì rbdÈbubrmnadei wir `d xi`hnanaeb baenbaub eb rio`bmdx

[EW

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bxhrnonbaei ba uiei mimbaui bxui bx ebonei d `d bxunm`dhna tb unbaba ba

x fdmn`nd b` dmonbaub d`fdobun{deir eb x hiaub|ui ~ `d naubrdhhna hi`doirdunvd

tb wriwnhnd `d mdbxurd ba b` d`d baurb xx d`maix wir b`ì bx hiavbanbaub

mbahniadr ì dwirudei wir Vnciuxj~ ~ Kliaxia!

@d ubird eb` ebxdrri`ì eb Vnciuxj~ udmona ``dmded Ubird lnxurnhi-

hùrd` w`daubd `d nebd eb tb `d hùrd naf`~b ba `d hicanhna ~ bx hrhnd`

wirtb b` maei xihnd` aubcri eb` ani mièbd ai xiì ì tb xdob xnai x

firmd eb wbaxdr! B` unwi eb `cnhd ~ ìx muieix un`n{deix wdrd xi`hniadr ìx

wrio`bmdx bxua naf`neix wir abxurd b|wbrnbahnd hùrd` Ra ani ai

xi`dmbaub xb hiavnbrub ba a unwi bxwbhnd` eb wbaxdeir ~ xb ldhb hdwd{ eb

xi`hniadr wrio`bmdx: xb hiavnbrub ba a unwi bxwbhnd` eb wbaxdeir ebhimanhdeir hia ad mbmirnd ~ ad firmd eb bxhhldr wbh`ndrbx uiei ì

hd` rbf`bkd a hiaub|ui xihnd` ,Orieivd ?775; 47.!

@i dwirudei wir Vnciuxj~ aix ldhb rbhiredr tb ba a d`d wrbbxhi`dr

mùncrdei ld~ envbrxdx naubrdhhniabx ba ìx nafdaubx tb naf`~ba ba ì

w`dabdei ~ bkbhudei wir `d eihbaub ~d tb baurb ìx anix xb wbeba dwi~dr

wdrd b` dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd i `d mnxmd behdeird uimd ba hbaud `d

ircdan{dhna wir btnwix wdrd `d detnxnhna eb `d mnxmd!

Vnciuxj~ xwxi tb ìx anix ai navbauda x hiaihnmnbaui ~ x

baubaenmnbaui xnai tb xb dwriwnda eb` rnhi hbrwi dhm`dei ba x hùrd:

b` ani ba ebxdrri`ì detnbrb bxud nafirmdhna ~ `d un`n{d d` wbaxdr! Dx `d

hùrd eb abxurix daubwdxdeix naf`~b ai xi`dmbaub ba b` hiaihnmnbaui xnai

ba ìx wrihbxix eb wbaxdmnbaui ,Orieivd ?775; 47.!

Vnciuxj~ hnudei wir Orieivd ,?775. enhb tb `d mbaub eb` naenvnei bxud

firmded wir `d lnxuirnd naenvned` wir b`ì bx b` rbxùdei eb `d naubrdhhna eb`

ani hia ìx ebmx ba a hiaub|ui xihnd` ebubrmnadei! @ix naubauix eb` ani

wir dwrbaebr ~ ìx eb `d xihnbede wir baxbdr`b wir mbeni eb ìx wderbx

mdbxurix b ncd`bx uiei b`ì naf`~b ba `d firmd ba tb fahniad `d mbaub

nafdaun`!

@d hiaurnohna wdrunh`dr eb Vnciuxj~ fb devbrunr tb ìx wrihbxixmbaud`bx xwbrnirbx wbeba himwdrunrxb bx ebhnr ìx wrihbxix mbaud`bx ai

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xi`dmbaub xhbeba ba b` naubrnir eb` naenvnei udmona wbeba ihrrnr ba ìx

naubrhdmonix baurb vdrndx wbrxiadx! @ix anix detnbrba a wrihbxi mbaud`

himwdrunaeiì i un`n{aeiì d` naubrdhudr hia ìx ebmx xi`dmbaub ebxwx

eb bxud b|wbrnbahnd himwdruned wbeb b` ani ldhbrì x~i ~ xdrì eb mdabrd

naebwbaenbaub!

B` `bacdkb bx ad lbrrdmnbaud anvbrxd` wbx uiedx `dx hùrdx `d lda

ebxdrri``dei! Bx ad lbrrdmnbaud hùrd` wirtb ìx naubcrdaubx eb ad hùrd

`d hrbda ~ `d himwdruba! Bx ad lbrrdmnbaud mbaud` wirtb uieix ~ hded ad

eb b`ìx ì xd wdrd wbaxdr!

Vncixj~ `b eni a `cdr bxwbhnd` `bacdkb bxhrnui ~d tb unbab ad

wrifaed naf`bahnd ba b` ebxdrri`ì wirtb; ldhb mx b|w`hnui b` wbaxdmnbaui

ldhb mx eb`nobrdeix b` wbaxdmnbaui ~ b` xi eb xmoiìx ~ ldhb mx

hiaxhnbaub d` ani eb ìx b`bmbauix eb` `bacdkb!

Tnabx firmdmix wdrub eb a hi`bhunvi i ubabmix d hdrci a crwi

bxhi`dr aix lbmix edei hbaud tb urdodkdr ba dwrbaen{dkb hi`doirdunvi ai

odxud hia xì kaudr `dx xn``dx vd mx d`` eb bxi himi enhb Kliaxia ,4>>2; 8.

xncanfnhd urdodkdr kauix wdrd ìcrdr mbudx himabx wir b`ì himi eihbaubx

lbmix eb ubabr ba hbaud hnahi himwiabaubx; `d naubrebwbaebahnd wixnunvd `d

naubrdhhna fimbaudeird `d rbxwiaxdon`nede naenvned` `dx ldon`nedebx

naubrwbrxiad`bx ~ ba crwix wbtbix dx himi b` wrihbxdmnbaui ba crwi !

Bxub duir w`daubd vdrndx mdabrdx eb urdodkdr b` dwrbaen{dkb ~ tb ebob xbr

uimdei ba hbaud ba `d w`dabdhna wdrd ircdan{dr a crwi mùncrdei!

Eb bxud mdabrd Kliaxia ,4>>2; 3->. w`daubd vdrnix unwix eb dwrbaen{dkb

hiiwbrdunvi ba b` wrnmbri ldhb rbfbrbahnd d` hiavbahniad` eiaeb xb wbeb

erdr vdrndx xbmdadx eb h`dxb ba b` mnxmi btnwi `bci ebxhrnob b` eb unwi

nafirmd` tb xb w`daubd ebxwx eb rbd`n{dr d`cad b|wixnhna i ebmixurdhna

~ wbeb erdr xiì aix mnauix i mx: `bci ìx crwix eb odxb hiiwbrdunvix

tb xb rbd`n{d eb firmd lbubricabd ~ xia wriìacdeix eb `drci w`d{i: ~ `dx

bxurhurdx hiiwbrdunvdx eiaeb xb nebaunfnhda `dx `bhhniabx ~ bxurhurd wdrd

urdodkdr`dx ba firmd hiiwbrdunvd!

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Udmona ba a d`d himi eihbaubx Kilaxia ,4>>2; 63. ldhb `d

xcbrbahnd eb baxbdr bxudx ldon`nedebx hia urbx rbc`dx cbabrd`bx `d wrnmbrd

dèb d bxudo`bhbr a hiaub|ui hiiwbrdunvi `bci baxbdr`dx eb firmd enrbhud

d ìx nafdaubx ~ fnad`mbaub himi mdbxuri ebobx naehnr `dx ldon`nedebx wdrd

tb ìx d`maix `dx ebubrmnaba!

Dadei d ì daubrnir ld~ ldon`nedebx tb xb eboba eb baxbdr wdrd wiebr

urdodkdr ba btnwi ~ xia ebubrmnadaubx himi ì xia `dx eb firmdhna tb

nah`~b ldo`dr ba vi{ odkd tbedrxb hia b` crwi mnrdr d `dx wbrxiadx tb

bxua ldo`daei ~ b`nmnadr himbaudrnix lnrnbaubx! @dx eb fahniadmnbaui tb

nah`~b d`baudr d` crwi wdrd urdodkdr ~ b|wrbxdr x dwi~i dedwudhna! @dx eb

firm`dhna tb nmw`nhd urdodkdr hia enxunauix ri`bx uieix ìx naubcrdaubx eb`

btnwi! ^ eb fbrmbaudhna ba eiaeb xb ldhb rbfbrbahnd d ai hrnunhdr d ìx

naenvneix xnai d xx nebdx hiah`~baei hia ad xi`d iwnana!

Dx bx tb `d baxbda{d eb `dx ldon`nedebx eb hiiwbrdhna nah`~ba ìx

xncnbaubx wdxix ,Kliaxa 4>>2; 32.; ldhbr tb ìx bxuendaubx vbda `d

abhbxnede eb detnrnr`d baunbaeda `d ldon`nede hiiwbrdunvd wrdhunhdr `d

ldon`nede hiaudr hia ìx wrihbenmnbauix abhbxdrnix wdrd rbhdwdhnudr ~ tb xb

vb`vd enhld ldon`nede himi ad dhhna adurd`!

Wir uiei ì daubrnirmbaub dad`n{dei wbei ebhnr tb b` urdodki ba

hiiwbrdhna ba a d`d bx a nah`nei ba `d w`dabdhna eb` crwi mùncrdei ~d

tb xb ircdan{d d ìx anix eb enfbrbaubx crdeix ìcraeixb b` dwrbaen{dkb eb

`d bxhrnurd hia b` dwi~i eb iurix!

Ebxwx eb ì b|wbxui ba bxub dwdrudei ld~ tb rbhiredr vdrnix

dxwbhuix rbfbrbaubx d `d w`dabdhna eb `d bxhrnurd ba a crwi mùncrdei eb

wrbbxhi`dr;

- Uimdaei `d vnah`dhna eb` WBW ?775 ~ @drd Frdeb `d w`dabdhna bx b`

naxurmbaui tb xnrvb d `d behdeird wdrd wrbvbr `dx dhunvnedebx tb rbd`n{dr

ba b` crwi mùncrdei ,wriwxnui ircdan{dhna eb` crwi ebxdrri`ì ~erdhna.!

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- D` w`dabdr `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd ba a crwi mùncrdei xb uimdr

ba hbaud b` wriwxnui tb xb wbrxncb eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui `dx hdrdhubrxunhdx

eb ìx nafdaubx `dx himwbubahndx d ebxdrri``dr ba ìx d`maix ~ `d wrbvnxna eb`

mdubrnd`!

- Xbca Mnrndm Abmnrivxj~ ~ Xb Orbebjdmw ba a crwi mùncrdei ub

bahbaurdx hia anix tb bxua ba enfbrbaubx anvb`bx bviùnvix ba x

dwrbaen{dkb eb `d bxhrnurd ìx hd`bx wdxda wir b``dx eb firmd xbhbahnded

dxwbhui tb bx hiaxnebrdei ba `d w`dabdhna eb `d behdeird!

- Eb dhbrei hia Vnciuxj~ `d eihbaub bx a b`bmbaui faedmbaud` wdrd

bxunm`dr b` dwrbaen{dkb eb ìx nafdaubx d urdvx eb x naubrvbahna himimbendeird ba `d dw`nhdhna eb `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd!

- B` urdodki eb` dwrbaen{dkb hiiwbrdunvi ba a crwi mùncrdei bx

faedmbaud` wdrd tb ìx nafdaubx xb dwriwnba eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui wir mbeni

eb` dwi~i eb xx himwdbrix!

Ba bxub xbaunei eboi eb rbhiaihbr tb ad vb{ dad`n{deix ìx bafitbx

wxnhi`cnhix wbedccnhix ~ xihnd`bx tb xxubauda bxud navbxuncdhna tbeh`dri tb xia faedmbaud`bx wdrd `d b`doirdhna eb `d w`dabdhna ba a crwi

mùncrdei wirtb bxub naxurmbaui bx ad cd eb` urdodki eb `d behdeird

eiaeb xb oxhd ubabr ad `doir xnxubmdun{ded wdrd ìcrdr b` ebxdrri`ì eb

himwbubahndx eb bxhrnurd ba ìx nafdaubx!

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HDWUR@I NNN

@D W@DABDHNA EIHBAUB BA RAC_RWI MR@UNC_DEI; RAD B\WB_NBAHND

BA W_BBXHI@D_


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@D W@DABDHNA EIHBAUB BA RA C_RWI MR@UNC_DEI;

RAD B\WB_NBAHND BA W_BBXHI@D_

Wdrd rbxwiaebr d `dx wrbcaudx tb uvb d` nanhni eb bxub wri~bhui lnhbad navbxuncdhna ba b` kdrea eb anix vbxwbrunai Abvd Hrbdhna tb xb

bahbaurd onhdei ba `d hd``b Iri (477 hiìand _bd` eb Mnadx eb` manhnwni eb

Vn``d eb `vdrb{! Wir ì hd` dxnxu vbnaub xbxniabx eb ad lird i ad lird ~

mbend erdaub ìx wbrnieix himwrbaeneix eb` ?2 Aivnbmorb eb` ?747 d` 5 eb

Mdr{i eb` ?744 ~ eb bxud mdabrd web ioxbrvdr `d w`dabdhna ~ b` urdodki eb

`d dw`nhdhna eb enhld w`dabdhna wir wdrub eb `d eihbaub hia x crwi! Hdob

mbahniadr tb d` wrnahnwni x bxuvi a wihi enfhn` tb mb ebkdrda baurdr dioxbrvdr d `d behdeird wir b`ì uvb tb enrncnrmb d` Ebwdrudmbaui eb `d

Xoenrbhhna eb Behdhna Wrbbxhi`dr wdrd ìcrdr mn iokbunvi ~ mbendaub a

ifnhni tb b`doir ìcr tb xb wbrmnunbrd baurdr d bxub crwi eb Vn``d eb

`vdrb{!

Eboi wrbhnxdr tb bahiaur vdrndx hixdx rbxwbhui d ì ioxbrvdei ~

dad`n{dei mbxurd eb b`ì xia `dx hdubcirdx tb firm eiaeb xb ba`d{driahia mn wrbcaud ~ wriwxnui eb `d navbxuncdhna ba `dx hd`bx ebxhrnoi hnbrudx

hiaehudx rbhrrbaubx ba b` urdodki eb `d eihbaub!

Lb mbahniadei tb mn bkb hbaurd` fb `d w`dabdhna eb dhunvnedebx eb

bxhrnurd ba a crwi mùncrdei wir b`ì un`nh ad cd eb ioxbrvdhna wdrd

`d eihbaub ~ `d firmd ba tb ì bkbhudod ba b` crwi mnxmi eiaeb daiu xx

hdrdhubrxunhdx ~ `d un`nede tb `b edod ba b` crwi ,Dab|i 3.!

Eb bxud mdabrd mb en hbaud tb `d behdeird nmw`bmbaudod eix

firmdx eb w`dabdr `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd; `dx bxwbhfnhdx eb` hdmwi

firmdunvi eb `bacdkb ~ himanhdhna `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd tb brda

urdodkdedx eb firmd urdaxvbrxd` hia iurix hdmwix firmdunvix enfbrbaubx d` eb

`bacdkb bxhrnui dx himi `d hiahbwhna tb unbab xiorb `d bxhrnurd!

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Raix eb mnx wriwxnuix brd ioxbrvdr t bfbhuix ubad `d bkbhhna eb `d

w`dabdhna ba b` crwi mùncrdei wir b`ì dt dor ad crda hdubcird xiorb

`d b|wbrnbahnd vnvned wir ìx d`maix wbxui tb ì ioxbrvdei mb eni wdud

wdrd b`ì!

Ba bxub xbaunei ebxhrnoi wrnmbrdmbaub ì rb`dunvi `d ircdan{dhna ~ b`

ebxdrri`ì eb `dx dhunvnedebx eb firmd cbabrd` `bci ebud`ì hdaei `dx rbd`n{d

eb mdabrd envbrxnfnhded ~ wir ùnmi `dx ldon`nedebx mixurdedx wir ìx

d`maix!

D!- HD_DHUB_XUNHDX EB @D W@DABDHNA EIHBAUB ^

B@ EBXD__I@@I EB DHUNVNEDEBX

_bxwbhui d `d w`dabdhna eb `d eihbaub web ioxbrvdr tb unbab hnbrudx

hdrdhubrxunhdx ~d tb rbd`n{d a mdhliub46 wdrd hded ad eb `dx xnudhniabx

enehunhdx! Ba b``d daiud `d himwbubahnd xnudhna enehunhd ebxhrnob `dx

dhunvnedebx tb unbab tb rbd`n{dr hia b` crwi ~ ìx mdubrnd`bx d un`n{dr dxmnxmi `d xnudhna enehunhd wbeb erdr ad xbmdad i eix ,Dab|i


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``bvdod ad w`dabdhna ~ rdrd vb{ `d hiaxùdod wdrd wbrhdudrxb t

dhunvnedebx xbcda wbx `dx ubad wrbxbaubx mbaud`mbaub!

Himi wrifbxirbx ubabmix `d hdrdhubrxunhd eb tb `d mdabrd ba tb

fnmix firmdeix himi bxuendaubx ~ himi eihbaubx ì rbf`bkdmix ba abxurd

wrhunhd dlird hia abxurix d`maix bx ebhnr abxurd firmdhna ~

b|wbrnbahndx naf`~ba ba abxurd `doir endrnd!

Ba bxub xbaunei `d wrifbxird ioxbrvded ebaiu ba x urdodki tb

nahirwird ba x w`dabdhna d`cadx hdrdhubrxunhdx tb `d lda firmdei himi

eihbaub wbxui tb b``d un`n{d b` mdhliub ~d mbahniadei ~ ì bxhrnob d mdai

~d tb ai bxu m~ fdmn`ndrn{ded hia `d himwudeird ~ bx eb x dcrdei

ldhbrì mdad`mbaub xbca b|wrbxniabx eb b``d mnxmd!

Dadei d ì daubrnir `d behdeird mixur hmw`nmnbaui wdrd w`dabdr ~d

tb endrni ``bvdod `d w`dabdhna d` d`d ~ `d urdd ba x oi`xd ~ ubad uieix ìx

mdubrnd`bx ba ireba tb nod d ihwdr ba bxd udreb eb urdodki bx ebhnr xbaud

tb bx ad cd wdrd x `doir himi ì enhb b` WBW ?775 ,XBW ?775; 4?2.

unbab a xbaunei wrhunhi wirtb d~ed d hded mdbxurd d ubabr ad vnxna

h`drd ~ wrbhnxd eb `dx naubahniabx behdunvdx d irebadr ~ xnxubmdun{dr x

urdodki d rbvnxdr ~ hiaurdxudr xx wrbvnxniabx hia ì tb wdxd erdaub b`

wrihbxi behdunvi buhubrd! Wdrd b`ì ai rbtnbrb dwbcdrxb d ad bxurhurd

himw`nhded: x hdrhubr wrhunhi udmona xb rbfnbrb d tb x b`doirdhna ebob

xbr xbahn``d ~ x hiaubanei orbvb;

d. Himwbubahndx d wrimivbr ba ìx d`maix!

o. Rad ebxhrnwhna xnauunhd eb `dx xnudhniabx enehunhdx wdrd fdvirbhbr

`dx himwbubahndx xb`bhhniadedx!

h. Unbmwi wrbvnxui wdrd hded xnudhna ,b` hd` bxudr xnbmwrb xkbui d

hdmonix.!

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B`bmbauix tb `d behdeird nah`d ba x w`dabdhna datb hdob

mbahniadr tb erdaub x dw`nhdhna `d eihbaub x vbd tb d`ca ani xb

ebxvndod x dubahna ba iuri dxwbhui ai vnxui erdaub `d udreb wir b`ì ì

bahd{dod wdrd tb b` nafdaub rbuimdrd ì vnxui ba h`dxb ~ b``d hmw`nbrd hia

b` wriwxnui tb ubad hia `d w`dabdhna dx himi b` unbmwi wrbvnxui!

Udmona ba x w`dabdhna daiud d hded hdmwi firmdunvi hia a henci

himi b` eb ebxdrri`ì wbrxiad` ~ xihnd` hia a hrhì rb``bai eb abcri

`bacdkb ~ himanhdhna hia a dxubrnxhi wbaxdmnbaui mdubmunhi hia a

hrhì b|wìrdhna ~ hiaihnmnbaui eb` maei hia a hderdei b|wrbxna ~

dwrbhndhna druxunhd hia a urnacì ~ ebxdrri`ì fxnhi ~ xdè hia ad bxurb``d

rimdad!

Udmona daiudod `dx himwbubahndx hbaurd`bx ~ `dx himwbubahndx tb xb

rb`dhniada hia bxix hdmwix firmdunvix ~d tb b` WBW ?775 dfnrmd tb wdrd

b` enxbi eb xnudhniabx enehunhdx wir hded himwbubahnd eb `d `nxud xb

wrihbebr d rbvnxdr xn ba `d xbhbahnd bxua nah`nedx himwbubahndx eb uieix

ìx hdmwix! Ba hdxi eb ai xbr dx xb wrihbebr d enxbdr xnudhniabx

bxwbhfnhdx wdrd himwbubahndx eb ìx hdmwix ai dubaeneix ,XBW ?775; 4?8.!

Eb ncd` mdabrd bxhrnob ba x w`dabdhna `d firmd ba tb ircdan{dr b`

crwi ~d xbd naenvned`mbaub wir onadx ba btnwix eb hduri i d` crwi ba

cbabrd` xna bmodrci ai envbrxnfnhd `dx dhunvnedebx eb dhbrei d` crwi d tb

wbrubabhba ìx nafdaubx datb ba eix ihdxniabx ì ln{i ba `d wrhunhd!

Dx mnxmi ba x w`dabdhna nah`d ba `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd bùrdodki hia ìx wderbx eb fdmn`nd ~d tb xia a b`bmbaui faedmbaud` hia b`

urdodki eb ìx anix ba a crwi mùncrdei wbx daiudod `dx udrbdx i x

d`cai eb b`ìx wdrunhnwdrd ba d`cad dhunvnede ba b` crwi!

Himi xb ioxbrvd `d mdbxurd h`drdmbaub mbxurd tb `d w`dabdhna bx

faedmbaud` ba x wrhunhd `doird` hia ìx nafdaubx ~d tb ì ebaiud ba `d

ircdan{dhna eb ìx mdubrnd`bx ~ b` crwi wbxui tb ai nmwrivnxd xnai tburdb uiei wrbwdrdei hia `d nebd h`drd eb `d himwbubahndx tb ebxbd fdvirbhbr

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ba xx d`maix ~d tb xbca b|wrbxniabx eb b``d unbab a himwrimnxi wir

hmw`nr hia ì mdrhdei ba `d behdhna wrbbxhi`dr rbxwbhui d` ìcri eb`

ebxdrri`ì eb` dwrbaen{dkb naubcrd` eb` nafdaub ~ a b`bmbaui nmwirudaub bx b`

urdodki w`dabdei eb `d eihbaub!

4!- BXU_DUBCNDX ENEHUNHDX EB BXH_NUR_D BA B@

HDMWI EB @BACRDKB ^ HIMRANHDHNA

@d behdeird wrimivn hia b` crwi b` urdodki eb `d bxhrnurd ba uiei

mimbaui ~d xbd eb firmd urdaxvbrxd` hdaei xb bxudod urdodkdaei hia iurihdmwi firmdunvi enxunaui d` eb `bacdkb ~ himanhdhna i hia xnudhniabx

enehunhdx bxwbhfnhdx eb` `bacdkb bxhrnui! Ciiemda xbd`d tb a mdbxuri eb

`bacdkb naubcrd` ,4>


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Kilda ,?.; -Ba `d unbaed!

E`hb ,8.; -Ba `d hd``b!

Mdbxurd; -Wdrd t xnrvba `dx `burdx9

\nmbad ,8.; -Wdrd ebhnr ìx aimorbx eb mnx wdwx mnx uix ~ mnx wrnmix!

Imdr ,8.; -Xb bxhrnoba himi xb ``dmda `dx hixdx!

Mdbxurd; -Dx bx xnrvba wdrd aimordr `dx hixdx! D vbr dt ~i ubaci

ad likd T vba ba b``d9

Anix; -@burdx ~ enokix!

\nmbad ,8.; -Dl ld~ ad himwudeird enhb himwudeird!

Mdbxurd; -D vbr uieix vbda ì tb ubaci ba `d likd T mx vba9

E`hb ,8.; -Ld~ ad ub`bvnxna ~ a ub`fiai!

Edod xbcnmnbaui d `dx dhunvnedebx hia b` hiwndei eb d`cadx wd`dordx

d`xnvdx d` ubmd tb bxudod vnbaei wdrd tb ìx anix `dx urdaxhrnonbrda eb

firmd hiavbahniad` himi ì mbxurd b` rbcnxuri eb `d ioxbrvdhna! Udmona ba

iurdx ihdxniabx un`n{dod `d bxurdubcnd eb ioxbrvdhna eb ìx nafdaubx d urdvx

eb `dx wd`dordx tb ldod d x d`rbebeir ~ ì tb hrbda tb ebhd i tb

himwdrdrda hia x aimorb t `burdx brda xnmn`drbx himi xbd`d Drdaed

,?77?; 2?. Bx m~ nmwirudaub tb ìx anix ubacda mhldx iwiruanedebx eb

b|wrbxdr x wbaxdmnbaui! Wir bxi `d mdbxurd `bx ldhb wrbcaudx ~ ìx danmd d

rbxi`vbr`dx wir bxi `d wrifbxird hned tb uieix wdrunhnwba ba `d mbened eb

xx wixnon`nedebx! Ba b` xncnbaub bkbmwì xb mbxurd hmi `d behdeird ldhb

tb ìx bxuendaubx wdrunhnwba;

@d eihbaub `bx bxhrnon `d fbhld ba ad likd o`dahd rbwrbxbaudaei d ìx

nafdaubx hia enokix eb bxud mdabrd;

Wixubrnirmbaub `d eihbaub `bx bxuvi naenhdaei hia x ebei dt enhb

mdrubx 4< Babri ?744!

@bci ìx hbxunia;Mdbxurd;-Eaeb wiebmix vbr `burdx9

Mdrubx 4< Babri ?744

= 5

= 6

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Xbrcni ,8.; -Ba b` `nori eb rb{ix!

Fbradaed ,8.; -Ba `dx w`dhdx!

Mdbxurd; -T ldci xn `b tnbri ebkdr a mbaxdkb d mn lnki x ` bxu

eirmnei ~ ~i xd`ci9

Kd{ma ,8.; -Xb ì bavdx wir hb``dr!

\nmbad ,8.; -@b enhbx wir ub`fiai!

Mdbxurd; -Ai fkbaxb `b ebki a rbhdei bxhrnui kaui d x hdmd ì

bxhrnoi ~ xb ì wiaci wdrd tb ì vbd ~d vnbria ì nmwirudaub tb xia `dx

`burdx aix xnrvba wdrd himanhdraix! Dlird fkbaxb viùbba d vbr ì tb

wbc ,`d mdbxurd wbcd ad hiwnd tb unbab a wdui hia b` ambri 4.!

Mdbxurd; -D vbr t ambri bx9

Anix; -B` ai ,ba hiri.!

Mdbxurd; -T `burdx ld~9

Fbradaed ,8.; -@d i eb Imdr!

\nmbad ,8.; -Dl bxud `d !

@d behdeird un`n{dod mhli `d bxurdubcnd eb rb`dhna eb nmdcba hia x

wd`dord ~ ba x w`dabdhna daiudod b` wriwxnui tb oxhdod ba `d dhunvnede

mnxmi tb xb vbd rbf`bkdei erdaub b` ebxdrri`ì eb `dx dhunvnedebx d`

rbxwbhui Abmnrivxj~ ,?774; 5?. w`daubd `d w`danfnhdhna eb `d bxhrnurd hia ì

xncnbaub;

4! B`bcnmix a unwi eb ub|ui!

?! Xb`bhhniadmix dx wriwnbedebx eb` ub|ui tb xb urdodkdra!

8! Xb`bhhniadmix `dx wriwnbedebx eb` xnxubmd eb bxhrnurd tb

doiredrbmix erdaub bxb wbrniei!

5! Enxbdmix `d xbhbahnd enehunhd ~ `dx xnudhniabx tb xb nah`~b!

Ba b` xncnbaub bkbmwì xb wbeb vbr hia h`drnede `d bkbhhna eb ì

w`dabdei hia `d bxhrnurd ba bxub crwi eb nafdaubx!

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Bxub ed `d behdeird himba{ hia `d dhunvnede eb bxhrnonr`bx ìx

aimorbx d hded nafdaub ba ad udrkbud eb hdru`nad d` mimbaui tb ldhd `dx

crdfdx rbwbud b` aimorb eb hded nafdaub ~ ebxwx xb ìx mixurdod eiaeb `d

md~ird ì rbhiaihb d b|hbwhna eb Mdrnhni ,4. tb ai xwi hd` brd b`

x~i xna bmodrci Dìaerd ,8. ebhd dwdrub b` aimorb eb` rbxui eb xx

himwdbrix!

Wixubrnirmbaub `d eihbaub `bx naenhd tb xb firmba eburx eb b``d ~

bmwnb{da d bauiadr `d mbìed oxhi a `cdrhnui eiaeb ldhba a hnrhì ~

ad vb{ tb ubrmnad `d mbìed xb xnbauda! Dl ba b` xbì `d eihbaub `bx

mbxurd `d mbmirnd eb` `nori eb ? eiaeb hbxuniad d ìx nafdaubx xiorb ìx

iokbuix tb ld~ ba enhldx `mnadx ~ t enhb ba `dx `burdx!

Uieix ìx nafdaubx rbhiaihba ìx mbenix eb himanhdhna himi `d

ub`bvnxna `d himwudeird b` ub`fiai b` anhi tb ai rbhiaihnbria fb `d

hdrud! Wixubrnirmbaub `d eihbaub `bx rbwdrub naenvned`mbaub eix likdx

xnmn`drbx wdrd tb `dx rbhiruba ~ `bci bmwnbhba d kcdr!

D` fnad`n{dr `dx dhunvnedebx eb bxhrnurd wiad d ìx nafdaubx d tb

rburid`nmbaudrda daub uieix ì tb bxhrnonbria ba x likd i ì tb

urdaxhrnonbria hdaei b``d brd `d tb `d tb wiad b` miebì ba b` wn{drra ba

bxb mimbaui ìx anix xb wiada d `bbr ì tb bxhrnonbria ba xx urdodkix ~

d`caix ì ldhda wir mbeni eb enokix wbx d` w`dabdr `dx dhunvnedebx `d

eihbaub oxhdod tb ba b` `bacdkb xb nmw`bmbaudra d`cadx eb xx

fahniabx ud` bx b` hdxi eb ì tb mbahniad Ciiemda ,4>


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B` nmwrbxi rbhrbdunvi bx `d `bhurd ~ bxhrnurd tb rbd`n{dmix wir

b`bhhna ba abxuri unbmwi `norb!

B` nmwrbxi rnud`nxud bx b` `bacdkb bxhrnui mhldx rb`ncniabx bmw`bda

xx rnud`bx!

Eb bxud mdabrd `d behdeird ubaed d w`dabdr xx dhunvnedebx wdrd tb

ìx anix lnhnbrda xx wriehuix eb firmd ihwdhniad` nafirmdunvd ~ rbhrbdunvd

wbri xnbmwrb hia d`cad naubahna ba ì tb ldhda ba b` d`d wbx wdrd b``d

`d bxhrnurd bx `d rbwrbxbaudhna crfnhd eb `dx wd`dordx nebdx ~ hiahbwuix

b|wrbxna tb enki erdaub `d baurbvnxud!

Iuri dxwbhui m~ nmwirudaub ba eiaeb `d eihbaub urdodkdod `d bxhrnurd

bx navi`hrdaei d `d fdmn`nd eb ìx nafdaubx oxhdaei tb ìx anix xb

naubrbxdrda wir b` `bacdkb bxhrnui wir mbeni eb `d wrbxbaudhna eb iordx eb

ubduri cni` hia `d h`mnadhna eb ad dhunvnede eb b|wrbxna bxhrnud himi xb

mbxurd ba b` xncnbaub bkbmwì!

Li~ `d h`dxb nanhni hia `d onbavbaned eb `d eihbaub d` fbxunvd` eb `bhurd

eiaeb `dx mdmx dx himi `d behdeird hia daunhnwdhna dhimiedria b` d`d

~ ba `d wbrud bxudod wbcdei a hdrub` tb ebhd onbavbaneix d `d dvbaurd

eb `d `bhurd ~ hia a enoki eb a ani `b~baei! Udmona dhimiedria `dx

xn``dx deb`daub eb` wn{drra ba hduri ln`brdx ~ ad mdaud hia a enoki eb a

wdnxdkb eb` oixtb eiaeb xb wxnbria eburx `dx mdmx tb mivbrda ìx

cni`bx! Dx bx tb ad vb{ xbaudeix uieix ba xx xn``dx himba{ `d iord

eb ubduri cni` @d cd``nad Mdrhb`nad!

@d mdbxurd wxi eb fiaei `dx vihbx eb uieix ìx danmd`bx hia a hdxbu

eb `d crdodeird dx bx tb ìx wbrxiadkbx brda ad cd``nad ìx wi``nuix a

cdui a wbrri ~ a hiabki dx himi b` adrrdeir wbri tb bxudod eb fiaei ba

`d crdodhna! @d urdmd urdui xiorb ad cd``nad tb `bx wnen d~ed d` cdui d`

wbrri d` hiabki ~ d ìx wi`ìx wdrd tb `b d~edrda d rbd`n{dr aix wdabhn`ìx

wbri xiì ìx wi`ìx dhbwudria edr`b x d~ed! Dx bx tb uieix ìx anix

bxudoda m~ dubauix erdaub `d fahna!

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D` ubrmnai eb b``d dw`denbria ìx nafdaubx dx himi `dx mdmx tb

bxudoda eb bxwbhudeirdx ~ `d mdbxurd hbxuniai d ìx nafdaubx dhbrhd eb enhld

iord eb ubduri!

Mdbxurd; -Eb t urdui9

,Adenb hiaubxud.!

Mdbxurd; -D vbr dhrebaxb dlirnud `d dhdoda eb vbr!

\nmbad ,8.; -Eb ad cd``nad ~ aix wi``nuix!

Mdbxurd; -^ t tbrda ldhbr9

Dìaerd ,8.; -@d cd``nad tbrd ldhbr wda ~ xx dmncix ai `b d~edria

xiì ìx wi``nuix!

Mdbxurd; Tnabx brda ìx wbrxiadkbx9 Dhrebaxb tnabx bxudoda

dl!

Kilda ,?.; -Ra cdui!

Kda ,?.; -Ra wbrri!

Mdrnhni ,4.; -Mdbxurd ~i vn wi``nuix!

\nmbad ,8.; -Mdbxurd mdbxurd `d cd``nad Mdrhb`nad tb tbrd ldhbr ìx

wdabx hia xx dmncix!

Mdbxurd; -Obai anix datb `bx fdùi wiabr mx dubahna tnbri

dcrdebhbr`b d `dx mdmx tb aix dwi~dria wdrd vbanr d mivbr ìx cni`bx

ldobr ecda`bx tb xd`cda wdrd edr`bx a fbrub dw`dxi!

Ebxwx xd`ba `dx mdmx eb` ubà ~ `d mdbxurd `bx wneb d ìx anix ~ d

`dx mdmx wrbxbaubx tb `bx eb a dw`dxi udmona `d naxwbhuird ed a

enxhrxi eb dcrdebhnmnbaui d `d behdeird ~ d `dx mdmx wir x urdodki!

Wixubrnirmbaub `dx mdmx dwi~da d `d mdbxurd dhimiedr `dx xn``dx ~ `dx

mbxdx dx himi tnudr `d mdaud tb xnrvn himi ubà!

Ebxwx `d behdeird `bx ed `d naenhdhna d ìx nafdaubx tb xb xnbaubaba b` xbì ~ enokba hia dhdrb`d ì tb mx `bx dcrdei eb` hbaui wir b`ì

`bx naenhd tb xb wiacda x w`d~brd ~ uieix ìx anix ì ldhba dx bx tb `d

md~ird unbaeb ldhbr xiì `d cd``nad himi Kilda ,?. D`b|d ,?. îeda~ ,?. ~

uieix ìx anix eb 8 tb dxnxunbria xna bmodrci Mdrnhni ,4. xiì ln{i wrdx

àbdx ~ enki tb brd b` hbaui tb b` ~d ldod ubrmnadei!

Baxbcned `d eihbaub `bx naenhd tb xb kauba eb eix nafdaubx ~himnbahba d `bbr a hbaui eb ìx tb `bx wrbxui enfbrbaub d` tb xb ldoda

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``bvdei d `bbr d x hdxd! Dx bx tb hiafirmdria `dx onadx ~ ìx hbauix

fbria ìx xncnbaubx;

Dìaerd ,8. ~ \nmbad ,8. hia Wnaihli!

î`bul ,8. ~ Kd{ma ,8. hia Vncnd eb` unbmwi!Mdruld ,8. ~ îeda~ ,?. hia Xnmode b` mdrnai!

Mdrnhni ,4. Kda ,?. ~ Kilda ,?. hia B` urdkb eb abvi

bmwbrdeir!

Imdr ,8. ~ Xbrcni ,8. hia I`nvbr ba b` wdx eb ìx badaix!

D`b|d ,?. ~ Kivdad ,8. hia Hbanhnbaud!

@bci ìx anix ìx ioxbrvdoda urdudaei eb hiaurxbì ai d` iuri ì tb

xwiada ebhda `dx `burdx! Mnbaurdx udaui `d mdbxurd bxudod hia `d naxwbhuird

mixuraei`b ìx wdwb`bx eb x w`dabdhna b` endrni ~ x hirub eb hdkd! Wir b`ì

eni `d naenhdhna eb tb ~d wdxdria d xdhdr x himned ~ wxnbrda ìx hbauix

ba x mbxd!

Himi xb wbeb ioxbrvdr wdrd `d eihbaub bx faedmbaud` nah`nr ba x

w`dabdhna `d bxhrnurd ~ wir baeb ba `d bkbhhna eb x `doir! Wir b`ì himi

dfnrmd b` WBW ?775 tb b` urdodki hia `dx himwbubahndx bx faedmbaud` wdrunr

eb B|wìrdhna ~ hiaihnmnbaui eb` maei i @bacdkb ~ himanhdhna xia

hdmwix firmdunvix tb wbeba xbr wdrunh`drmbaub un`bx ~ fbhaeix wdrd

xbrvnr himi bkb eb `d w`danfnhdhna enehunhd wirtb wbrmnuba `d drunh`dhna b`

urdudmnbaui xfnhnbaub ~ b` bkbrhnhni eb himwbubahndx eb vdrnix hdmwix xbca b`

unwi eb dhunvnedebx tb xb wiacda ba mdrhld! @i nmwirudaub bx tb `dx

himwbubahndx xbda xn

La planeación de la escritura en un grupo multigrado escolar

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