lecturas sobre el ingles, murcia españa.para profesores

8/7/2019 lecturas sobre el ingles, murcia españa.para profesores

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Attendance

Mid-term quizzesSeminars



In the end of the course studentswrite final test. The test will beclosed book and closed notes

and will consist of multiple choicequestions.



1. Definition

2. Some important distinctions inlinguistics.

3. Definitions of language.

4. Design features of language.5. Functions of language.



Linguistics generally defined as thescientific study of language.

Linguistics studies not only particular

language, but it studies languages in

general.

It is a scientific study because it is based

on the systematic investigation of

linguistic data, conducted withreference to some general theory of

language structure.



The study of language as a whole is

often called general linguistics.

This deals with the basic concepts,theories, descriptions, models and

methods in any linguistic study.



Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Sociolinguistics

Psycholinguistics

Applied linguistics



Phonology studies how sounds are put

together and used to convey meaning incommunication.

Morphology studies how morphemes arecombined to form words.

The combination of words to formgrammatically permissible sentences isstudied in syntax.

The context of language use is studied inpragmatics.

How human mind works when we uselanguage is studied in psycholinguistics.



1. Prescriptive vs. descriptive

2. Synchronic vs. diachronic

3. Speech and writing 4. Langue and parole

5. Competence and performance

6. Traditional grammar and modernlinguistics



If a linguistic study aims to describe and

analyze the language people actually

use, it is said to be descriptive.

If the linguistic study aims to lay down the

rules for ´correct and standardµ

behavior in using language to tell peoplewhat they should say and what they

should not say, it is said to be

prescriptive.



The description of a language at somepoint of time in history is synchronic study;

The description of a language as itchanges through time is a diachronic

study. A diachronic study of language is ahistorical study; it studies the historical

development of language over a periodof time.

In modern linguistics, a synchronic

approach seems to enjoy priority over adiachronic one.



From the point of view of linguisticevolution, speech is prior to writing.

The writing system of any language isalways ´inventedµ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.

Even in today·s world there are still manylanguages that can only be spoken butnot written.

Speech is always the way in which everynative speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned taught later when he goes to school.



The distinction between langue and parolewas offered by the Swiss linguist F. deSaussure in the early 20 th century.

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic

system shared by all the members ofspeech community.

Parole refers to the realization of langue inactual use.

Langue is abstract and parole is concrete. Langue is relatively stable, while parole

changes from person to person.



N. Chomsky proposed the distinction

between competence andperformance.

Chomsky defines competence as the

ideal user·s knowledge of the rules of hislanguage.

Performance is the actual realization of

his knowledge in linguistic

communication. The speaker can still

make mistakes in actual use (slips of the

tongue, pauses)



This imperfect performance is caused by

social and psychological factors such

stress, anxiety, and embarrassment. Chomsky thinks that what linguists should

study is the ideal speaker·s competence,not his performance.



´Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating

ideas, emotions and desires by means ofvoluntary produced symbols.µ (Sapir,1921)

´Language is ¶the institution whereby

humans communicate and interact witheach other by means of habitually usedoral-auditory arbitary symbols.µ (Hall,1968)



´From now on I will consider language to

be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out

of a finite set of elements.µ (Chomsky,

1957)



Language is a system ofarbitrary vocal symbols usedfor human communication.



Arbitrariness.

Productivity.Duality.

Displacement.

Cultural transmission.



Language is arbitrary. There is no logical

connection between meanings and

sounds. Though language is not entirely arbitrary.

Certain words are motivated likeonomatopoeic words, such as crash,

buzz, bang in English.



Language is productive in that it makes

possible the construction and

interpretation of new signals by its users.

This is why they can produce and

understand an infinitely large number of

sentences they have never heardbefore.



Language is a system, which consists oftwo sets of structures, or two levels.

At the lower level there is a structure of

sounds, which are meaningless bythemselves.

But the sounds of language can be

grouped into a large number of units of

meaning such as morphemes andwords, which are found at a higher level

of system.



Language can be used to refer to

contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. This is what

´displacementµ means. This property provides speakers with an

opportunity to talk about a wide range

of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and space.



Language is culturally transmitted. It is

passed on from one generation to the

next through teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.

In contrast animal call systems aregenetically transmitted, i.e. animals are

born with the capacity to produce the

set of calls peculiar to their species.



1. Descriptive function.

2. Expressive function.

3. Social function.



Sometimes referred to differently as the

cognitive, or referential, or propositional

function, is assumed to be the primaryfunction of the language.

It is the function to convey factualinformation, which can be asserted or

denied, and in some cases even verified.



It supplies information about the user·s

feelings, preferences, prejudices, and

values.

e.g. ´I will never go camping with the

Simpsons again.µ



It serves to establish and maintain social

relations between people.

e.g. ´How can I help you, Sir?µ



R. Jakobson identifies six elements of a

speech event and relates each one ofthem to one specific language function.

They are: Addresser, Addressee, Context,

Message, Contact and Code.



These six elements are associated with six

basic functions of language as shown

below:

Addresser ² Emotive Addressee ² Conative

Context ² Referential

Message ² Poetic Contact ² Phatic communion

Code - Metalinguistic



The addresser expresses his attitude to

the topic of situation of communication.

e.g. ´I hate whatever they are planningfor me!µ



The addresser aims to influence the

addressee·s course of action or ways of

thinking.

e.g. ´Why not go and see another

doctor?µ



The addresser conveys a message or

information.

e.g. ´As far as I know, the earth·sresources are being astonishingly

wasted.µ



The addresser uses language for the sole

purpose of displaying the beauty oflanguage itself.



The addresser tries to establish or

maintain good interpersonal relationships

with the addressee.

e.g. ´Hi! How are you this morning?µ



The addresser uses language to make

clear the meaning of language itself.

e.g. ´Let me tell you what the word¶anorexia· means.µ



His system contains three

macrofunctions:

1. The ideational 2. The interpersonal

3. The textual.



To organize the speaker·s or writer·sexperience of the real or imaginaryworld. It corresponds closely to the

descriptive function, but it is broader.

It includes the expression of the

speaker·s attitude, evaluation, his

feelings and emotions.



To indicate, establish, or maintain social

relationships between people.

It expresses the speaker·s role in thespeech situation, his personal

commitment and assessment of thesocial relationship between the

addressee and himself.



To organize written or spoken texts in

such a manner that hey are coherent

within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.



How do you interpret the following

definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the

scientific study of language?

What are the major branches inlinguistics? What does each of them

study?

In what basic ways does the modern

linguistics differ from traditional

grammar?



Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?

For what reasons does modern linguisticsgive priority to speech rather than to

writing? How is Saussure·s distinction between

langue and parole similar to Chomsky·sdistinction between competence and

performance? What characteristics of language do

you think should be included in a good,comprehensive definition of language?



What are the main features of humanlanguage that have been specified byC. Hockett to show that it is essentially

different from animal communication

system?

What are the major functions of

language? Think of your own examples

for illustration.

lecturas sobre el ingles, murcia españa.para profesores

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