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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
ThisreportwasdevelopedasanelementofthePortlandBicyclePlanfor2030.
DESIGNWORKINGGROUPforthe
PortlandBicyclePlanfor2030DavidAmitonScottBatson
RobBurchfieldAnthonyButzekWendyCawley
IvyDunlapRogerGeller
DenverIgartaPeterKoonce
GrantMoreheadGregRaisman
ChrisSmithEllenVanderslice
EricWiley
ThankstoDenverIgartaforproducingthisreport.
January5,2010
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
INTRODUCTION SURVEYOFBESTPRACTICESTheunprecedentednumbersofpeoplebicyclinginPortlandhasnecessitatedexpansionofthebikeway
design tools available to the citys traffic engineers. Portland is looking to world leaders in bicycle
transportation tomeetthisgrowingdemand.Manycities fromacross theglobehave longrecognized
themerits
of
bicycling
as
an
important
means
of
transportation
and
have
led
the
way
in
facilitating
bicycletrafficthroughinnovationandadaptationofbicyclefriendlyinfrastructure.
Thisreportdocumentsanextensivereviewofbestpracticesfromworldclassbicyclingcitieswherethe
most innovative technologyadvances indesigning forbicycle traffichavebeenproveneffective.The
purposeof thereport istocreateaguide for trafficengineers,designersandplannersdetailingtried
andtestedbicyclefacilitydesignsalongwithessentialconsiderationsfortheirimplementation.
Portlandaimstohelpleadanationalefforttodevelopstandardsandguidelinesfordesigningbikeways
thatmeetthewiderangingneedsofthecyclingpublicforsafe,comfortableandattractiveconditions.
Currently,theCitysBikewayDesignandEngineeringGuidelinesestablishedasAppendixAofthe1996
Bicycle
Master
Plan
serve
as
the
local
manual
for
the
design,
construction
and
maintenance
of
the
citys
bikewaynetwork.FormationofthePortlandBicyclePlanfor2030presentedtheopportunitytorevisitthese guidelines,makeenhancements toapproveddesignsand integratenewdesigns intoa revised
manualthatwillmeetthebicyclingdemandsprojectedincomingdecades.
CurrentStateofthePracticeIn 1996when the citys original bikeway design guidelineswere adopted the bicyclemode share in
Portlandwas roughly two percent for commute trips. Today, eight percent of Portlanders reported
bicycling as theirprimary commutemode and 10percentof thosewho sometimesused adifferent
modereportedbicyclingastheirsecondarycommutemode.Nationally,only0.5percentoftripstowork
aremadebybicycleaccordingtothe2007AmericanCommunitySurvey.
Standardguidanceonbikewaydesignoutlinedinnationalmanuals,namelytheAmericanAssociationof
StateandHighwayTransportationOfficials(AASHTO)GuidefortheDevelopmentofBicycleFacilities
and theManualonUniformTrafficControlDevices (MUTCD),hasproven insufficient to address the
levelsofbicyclingexperiencedinPortland.Theintenseinfluxofbicyclistsusingthecitystransportation
systemhasbegun to exceed the capacityofdeveloped facilities. If Portland is successful in realizing
morethanonequarterofalltripsmadebybicycleasenvisionedinthis2030plan,currentpracticeswill
not suffice. Thus, new design guidelines and standards need to be adopted to ensure safe traffic
conditionsinthefutureforalltravelmodes.
BikewaysforPortlandsFuturePortland
has
areputation
for
implementing
innovative
designs
that
are
not
found
in
any
domestic
traffic
designmanual.DemonstrationprojectsimplementedbythePortlandBureauofTransportation,suchas
bicycleboxesatseveralhighrisk intersections,havebeen laudedby thecyclingpublic.Still,thecitys
existingbikewaynetworkhasprimarilyappealedtothoseresidentswhoarealreadyconfident intheir
cyclingabilitiesandenthusiasticridingonmajorstreetsalongsidemotorvehicles.
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
Movingforward,Portlandiscommittedtodevelopingbetterdesignsforbikewaysthatwillhavegreater
appeal to the average citizenwho is interested in bicyclingbut concerned about their safety.A key
recommendationof thePortlandBicyclePlanfor2030 is toexpand thepaletteofbikewaydesigns tofacilitatecreatingconditionsthatmakebicyclingmoreattractivethandrivingforshorttrips.Separation
fromhighvolumesofhighspeed traffic isanessentialelementof thePlansapproach,as it is in the
worldsmost
bicycle
friendly
cities.
NextStepsMostof the facilitiescontainedwithin this reportareconsiderednonstandardorexperimental in the
United States. Some treatments will require enabling legislation to permit their usage. In addition,
transferofanyappropriateengineeringtechnologiesfromothercountrieswillrequirecontextsensitive
translationtofitlocalconditions.
The bikeway designs collected and published as part of this report will be further evaluated and
consideredforpotential inclusion inrevisionstotheCitysBikewayDesignandEngineeringGuidelines
thatwilldirectfuturebikewayimprovementswithintheCityofPortland.
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
PORTLANDBICYCLEPLANFOR2030BIKEWAYFACILITYDESIGN:SURVEYOFBESTPRACTICES
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T SRoadSections
1. BikeLanes2. BikePassingLane3. BufferedBikeLane4. ContraflowBikeLane5. FloatingBikeLane6. ColoredBikeLane7. AdvisoryBikeLane8. CycleTrack
TrafficSpeedandVolumeReduction
9. BicycleStreet10.PinchPoint(QueuingStreets/
Neckdown/Choker)
11.Chicanes12.NarrowWidthSharedRoadway13.ResidentialSpeedLimits14.SpeedBumps15.HomeZone/Woonerf16.TrafficVolumeControlMeasures
NonMotorized/OffStreetPathwaySections
17.CopenhagenGreenCycleRoutes18.OffStreetPathSection19.CarFreeStreet/Zone20.Trails/OffStreetPathTransition21.BicycleUnderpass(Tunnel)
Signalization
22.GreenWave23.TrafficSignalOperationsforBicycles24.TrafficSignalCrossingsforBicycles
IntersectionTreatments
25.TruncatedCycleTrack RampDowntoBikeLane
26.CycleTrackTwoStageSignalizedLeftTurnwithQueuingSpace
27.ForwardStopBar28.BicycleBox29.CombinedRightturnBicycleLane30.TrafficCircle31.BikeBoulevardOffSetIntersections32.MedianRefuge33.CrossbikeMarking34.PassthroughCurbExtensions35.BicycleRoundabout
SignageandMarkings
36.BikeBoulevardPavementMarkings37.SharedRoadwayMarkings38.BicycleDestinationSignage
TransitandBicycleStreets
39.StreetcaronBikeways40.BicycleFriendlyTransitStopDesign
MiscellaneousTreatments
41.BicycleLift(Trampe)
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BikeLanesDescription/Purpose
Markedspacealonglengthofroadwayfor
exclusiveuseofcyclists.Bikelanescreate
separation
between
cyclists
and
automobiles.
Advantages Providesbicycleaccessonmajor
throughstreet
Clarifieslaneuseformotoristsandcyclists Increasescyclistscomfortthrough
visualseparation.
Disadvantages Spacerequirementscan
precludeotherpossibleuseslike
parkingorexcesstravellane
Application
Onroadwayswith 3,000motorvehicletripssperday
Anystreetwithexcessivecurbtocurbspacewherebikelanescouldhelp
reducevehiclelanewidths
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Bikelanewidth Frequencyofbikesymbol Keepbikesymbolsoutofthepath
ofturningvehicles
Typicallyplacedonrightsideofroadway
Vehicledoorzoneclearancewhenbikelanesareadjacenttoparked
vehicles
MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance Recommendedwidth
6.58.2ft(CROW) Shouldcomfortably
accommodatetwocyclistsriding
sidebysidewithsufficientshy
distancefrombothtravellane
andonstreetparking.
Source:CityofPortland(PBOT)
Implementation Obstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries CROWDesignManualfor
BicycleTraffic Netherlands
Chicago,IL Portland,OR Seattle,WA
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BikePassingLaneDescription/Purpose
Addingasecondbikelaneadjacenttoa
firsttoprovidespaceforpassing
Advantages Reducesthelengthofbicycle
platoons
Reducenumberoffasterbicycliststhatmergewithautotraffictopassslowercyclists.
Disadvantages Spacerequirementscan
precludeotherpossibleuseslike
parkingor
excess
travel
lane
Application
Largenumberofcyclists Widerangeoftravelspeeds Typicallyonanuphillroadway
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Adequatespacefortwobicyclists
topasswithoutencroachinginto
travellane.
MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance Commuteroutes
UphillsectionsAfterforcedstops(signals)where platoonsform
RecreationalpathsUphillsections
PBOTguidance Minimumpassinglanewidthof
5ftadjacenttoa5ftbikelane
Skipstripingbetweenthetwobikelanesanddoublebike
symbolsmitigatesconcernsof
motoristsmistakingthearea
foratravellane.
Bikelanesinsamedirectionseparatedby4inwide(100
mm)skipstripe,1ftlong(300
mm)skip
stripe
with
3ft
(1
m)
skip.
Source:BikePortland.orgPortland,OR
ImplementationObstacles Spacerequirementsmayreallocate
usesfromparkingordrivinglane
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,Oregon
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BufferedBikeLaneDescription/Purpose
Bicyclelanewithabuffertoincreasethe
spacebetweenbicyclelaneandtravel
lane
or
parked
cars.
Advantages Providescushionofspaceto
mitigatesfrictionwithmotor
vehicleson
streets
with
narrow
bike
lanes.
Providesspaceforcycliststopasswithoutencroachingintothetravel
lane.
Mitigateforobstaclesinthebikelane,e.g. drainageinlets,manholes.
Parkingsidebuffer:providescyclistswithspacetoavoidthedooring
zoneofparkedcars.
Providesmotorists(particularlydriversoflargevehicles)greatershy
distancefrom
cyclists
in
the
bike
lane.
Disadvantages Additionalspacerequirements Addedmaintenancerequiredfor
thebuffer
striping
Application
Bikelaneswithhighautomobiletrafficspeedsandvolumes
Bikewayswithbikelanesadjacenttoonstreetparking
Bikelaneswithhighvolumeoftruck/oversizedvehicletraffic
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Determinewhichsideofthebike
lanethebufferisneeded,adjacent
toparkingorthetravellane.
Frequencyofparkingturnover Determinebufferwidthneededto
avoiddoorzoneofparkedcars
MajorintersectionapproachesFrequencyofmotorvehicle
rightturns
Designofconflictareaswherecarsandbikeweave
Continuousortruncatedbufferstripingapproaching
intersection
MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance BufferWidth
Minimum32in(London)32in(Brussels)2030in(CROW)
DiagonalBuffer StripeDetails6ft spacing(Portland
Holgate)
Source:GregRaismanBruges,Belgium
ImplementationObstacles Spacerequirementsmayreallocate
usesfromparkingordrivinglane
ExampleCities/Countries Brussels&Bruges,Belgium London,UK SanFrancisco,CA NewYork,NY Portland,OR(NW10th)
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
ContraflowBikeLaneDescription/Purpose
Aonewaystreet formotorvehicles
thatincludesanoppositedirection
bicycle
only
lane.
Advantages Providesdirectaccessand
connectivityforbicyclestravelingin
bothdirections.
Influencesmotoristchoiceofrouteswithoutlimitingbicycletraffic.
Cyclistsdonothavetomakedetoursasaresultofoneway
traffic.
Disadvantages Limitsonparkingmightbe
neededonsidewithcontraflow
lane.
Possibilityofillegalloadingorparkingincontraflowlane.
Application
Onewayautotrafficstreets Narrowstreetswhereonstreet
parkingandbicycleaccessibilityare
givepriorityovertrafficaccessibility
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Accompanyingsignageneeded. Contraflowlaneseparatedfrom
motorvehiclelanebyasoliddouble
yellowline.
Ensurecontraflowlaneisexclusivelyfor
bicycles
by
using
bike
lane
stripingwithlegalstatus.
Clearlydistinguishcontraflowlanewithmarkings.
Consideruseofcoloronbikelane. Considerphysicalseparation
betweenbikelaneandtravellane.
Determinemodificationsneededtoexistingtrafficsignals.
MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance Contraflowlanewidth
5.0to6.5ft(CROW)Minimum5.0ft(London)
Source:DenverIgartaAmsterdam,Netherlands
ImplementationObstacles Outreachtostakeholders,adjacent
businessesandneighbors
Conversionfrom2wayrequireseliminationofonedirectionofauto
travel.
ExampleCities/Countries Madison,WI Cambridge,MA SanFrancisco,CA Netherlands Germany Portland(23rdPl,WeidlerCt)
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
FloatingBikeLaneDescription/Purpose
Asinglelanefunctionsasaparkinglane
oranexclusivebikelane:
Duringpeakhours,parkingisnotallowedandcyclistsuseacurbsidebikelane.
Duringoffpeakhours,cycliststravelinthespacebetweenthe
motorizedtrafficlaneandparked
cars.
Thistreatmentretainsthebicyclefacility
whenanextratravellane(for
automobiles)isaddedduringpeak
hours.
Advantages Accommodatesbicyclesatalltimes,
evenwhenparkingispermitted.
Providesbicyclefacilitiesonstreetswithconstrainedrightsofway.
Disadvantages Unorthodoxdesigncanbe
confusing.
Enforcementrequired
Application
Primarybicycleroutesduringpeakhours Streetswarrantingbikelaneswith
highparkingdemandwherethereis
notenoughspacetoprovideboth
standardbikelaneandparking.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Provideadequatespacetominimizetheriskofdooringswhenparking
ispermitted
Considerusingbicyclesymbolcurbside
Minimaluseofsignagerequired. Considerusingsharrowmarkingsin
lieuofbikelanestriping. (San
Francisco)
Timeofdayvehicleusecommunication
MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance Peakhour (SF)
7am 9am/3pm 7pm Parkingpermittedduringoff
peak(SF)
9am 3pm/7pm 7am
Source:sfmta.orgSanFrancisco,CA
ImplementationObstacles Typicallyrequiresremovaloftravel
lanetoaddparking
ExampleCities/Countries SanFrancisco(SF),CA
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
ColoredBikeLanesDescription/Purpose
Colorisappliedtothebikelanesto
distinguishthebikelane,alertroadway
users
at
high
conflict
areas
and
to
clearly
assignrightofwaytocyclists.Motorists
areexpectedtoyieldtocyclistsinthese
areas.
Advantages Providesacontinuousfacilityfor
cyclists.
Mitigateshighconflictareas. Providesforsafermergingof
bicycleswithmotorvehicletraffic.
Increasesawarenessandsafebehaviorsbybothcyclistsand
motorists
Disadvantages Maintenancerequirements.
Application
Heavyautotrafficstreetswithbikelanes
Atdangerousintersectionorwherecyclistsandmotoristsmustweave
withone
another.
Conflictareawitharecordofcrashes
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Provideappropriatesigns. Usemarkingandsignconfigurations
thatencouragetheweavingof
bicyclesandmotorvehiclesin
advanceof
the
intersection
proper.
UsethermoplasticratherthanpaintMaintenanceLevelHigh
DesignGuidance Provideamplebikelanewidth Providecolorthroughthe
conflictarea
PBOTguidanceGreenColor: Brightgreen
colorwasadoptedin2008
replacingthebluecolor
usedprior.Typicallyblue
colorisusedtoindicate
disabledparking.
Limitusetoconflictareas
Source:BikePortland.orgPortland,OR
ImplementationObstacles NotpartoftheManualonUniform
Traffic
Control
Devices
(MUTCD)
ExampleCities/Countries NewYorkCity,NY Cambridge,MA Portland,OR Cologne,Germany
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
AdvisoryBikeLanesDescription/Purpose
Dottedwhitelinesonbothsidesofa
narrowroadwaydelineatebicycleareas.
The
automobile
zone
is
not
wide
enough
fortwocarstopassinbothdirections
creatingaqueuingsituation.Motorists
mayenterthebicyclezonewhenno
bicyclesarepresent.Motoristsmust
overtakewithcautionduetotraffic
travelingintheoppositedirection.
Advantages Aviableoptionwhencrosssectionistoonarrowformandatorybike
lanes
Stripingoffersvisualseparationonalowtrafficroadway
Motoristtendtotravelslowerduetofrictioncreatedwithoncoming
vehicles.
Disadvantages Motorvehicleencroachmentintothebikelanepermitted
Ifvehiclesareparkedinthebikelanecyclistsmustpositionthemselvesfurtherintothe
roadwaytopasssafely
Lessprotectionforcycliststhanaconventionalbikelane
Application
Lowmotorvehicletrafficvolumesandspeeds
Straightsegmentswithfewbends,inclines
or
sightline
obstructions
Twowaystreets Nocenterlineonroadway
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Nocontinuouscenterlineshouldseparateopposingdirectionsof
autotravel
Colored
pavement
on
the
edges
to
discourageencroachmentby
motoristsorparkedvehicles.
Assesspotentialhazardsandconflictpoints
Minimumbikelanewidth5ft(London)
Twodirectiontravellanenotwideenoughfortwocarstopassin
oppositedirections
Considermaximumvolumeandspeed(London:3000adt/30
mph
1
/
37
mph
2
)
Continueacrossminorstreetintersection
MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance Advisorybikelanewidth:
5ft 6.5ft(CROW)Min.5ft(London)4.1ft 5.25ft(FGSV)
2waymotorvehiclelane:15ft 18ft(FGSV)Min.13ft(London)
CurbtoCurb:23ft 28ft(London)
Parking dimensions:7.5ft 8.2ft(FGSV)
Linedimensions(CROW):Width:4in 6inSpacing:3.28ft
Source:RogerGellerIJsselstein,Netherlands
ImplementationObstacles NotinMUTCD Mayrequireenablinglegislation Standardneedforstriping
ExampleCities/Countries(1)DutchCROWManual
(2)GermanFGSV
(3)London,England
1TransportLondon LondonCyclingDesignStandards2Zeeland,Netherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
CycleTrackDescription/Purpose
Exclusivebicyclefacilityadjacentto but
separatedfrom theroadwaybya
physicalbarrier.Combinestheuser
experienceof
aseparated
path
with
the
onstreetinfrastructureofabikelane.
Advantages Directaccesstomainstreetcommercialareas
Significantseparationfromautomobile
traffic
in
busiest
parts
of
town
Disadvantages Amountofrightofwayrequired Mayrequireremovaloftravellaneoronstreetparking
Leftturnsmustbemadeinnonstandardmanner,potentially
resultingindelay
ExpensiveApplication
Arterialroadwayswithhighermotorvehiclespeedsandvolumes.
Roadswithfewercrossstreetsandlongerblocks.
Source:DenverIgartaAmsterdam,NL
DesignGuidance Cycletrackwidth
6.5ftminmum,7fttypical,8ftdesirablefornew
construction,Upto10ftfor
additionalcapacity(CPH)
6.5ftto13.1ftdependingonrush
hour
bicycle
intensity
(CROW)
2ftbufferonvehiclesideisdesirable,requiredifcycle
trackwidthislessthan7ft
(CPH)
5.5ftabsoluteminimumforcycletracks(CPH)
Curbseparatingthebikeandpedestrianfacilities(CPH)
Maketheintersectionlookmoredangerousthanitactuallyis
(CPH)
Onstreetparking:placecycletrackadjacenttothesidewalk
with2ftclearspacetoprevent
doorings(ALTA)
Removeparkingdirectlyinadvanceof theintersection
ImplementationObstaclesSeparationfrompedestrianrealmADAaccesstosidewalksfromonstreetparking
Designstandardsrequired
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Separationchannelized(elevatedoratgrade),mountablecurb,or
bollards/markings
CycletrackwidthBasedonbicyclevolumes,designspeed,andpassingopportunities.
Crossingdriveways&lowvolumestreets
Continuethecycletrackthroughthedrivewaycrossing
Usepavementmarkingsandgradeseparationtoindicatecycle
trackhastherightofway
SignalizedintersectionsDropdowntobikelaneForwardstopbarCrossbikemarkingthroughtheintersection
Exclusivebikesignalphase Otherconsiderations:maintenance, bikesymbol,interactionswith
transit,ADArequirements,andtwo
waycycletracks.
Adequatesidewalkstoreducelikelihoodofcycletrackuseby
pedestrians.
Difficulttoimplementwhereintersectionsarecloselyspaced.
MaintenanceLevelMedium
ExampleCities/Countries CopenhagenTraffic
Department(CPH)
Netherlands(CROWManual) Cambridge,MA St.Petersburg,FL NewYork,NY
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleStreet Fahrradstrassen/Fietsstraten
Description/Purpose
Astreetwithinaresidentialareathatacts
asamajorbicyclerouteandwherethe
position
of
the
car
is
subordinate
to
that
of
thebicycle.Bicyclestreetsoffersafe
passageforlargenumbersofcyclists,
mainlybetweenandthroughdistricts.The
intentofthistreatmentistoprovidedirect,
safe,comfortableandattractiveroutesto
promotebicycleuse.
ProvisionsforFahrradstrassenareoutlinedinGermantrafficlaw(StraenVerkehrs
OrdnungStVO)requiring:
Allvehiclesarerequiredtotravelatmoderatespeeds
Allowingcycliststoridesidebyside
Advantages
Achieveobjectivesofsafety,comfortandattractivenesson
lowtraffic
direct
through
streets.
Providecyclistsanalternativetobicyclingonanarterial
street.
Localstreetstypicallyhavefewermodalconflicts.
Disadvantages
Residentialstreetsdonottypicallyprovide
directaccess
to
commercialdestinations.
Localresidentsmayobjecttoimprovements
oralterationsontheir
street.
Application
Lowtrafficresidentialstreetwithasharedspaceforbicycleandmotor
vehicletraffic.
Streetsparalleltoanearbyarterial. Directroutesacrossdistricts.
DesignMaintenance
Considerations
Bicyclesarepermittedtousetheentirewidthofthe
roadway.
BicycleboulevardtoolboxSignageandpavementmarkings
TrafficcalmingDiversiontechniques
Speedlimits30km/hor18.6mph(Germany)
Preserveemergencyaccessandoccasionaccessforlarge
vehicles.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Designshouldconsiderneighborhood
aesthetics.
Source:Fietsberaad
Oss,Netherlands
ImplementationObstacles
Enablinglegislationmayberequiredtoreducespeed
limits
ExampleCities/Countries
Muenster,Germany Essen,Germany Oss,Netherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
PinchPoint(orQueuingStreet/Neckdown/Choker)Description/Purpose
Thisisaresidentialtrafficcalming
treatmentthatnarrowsthetravellanefor
motorists
by
installing
curb
extensions
or
islandstocreateanarrowchannel.A
separatedbicycletravelwaysegregates
bicyclesandmotorvehiclesastheytravel
throughthedevice.Thisdesignslows
automotivetrafficwhileretainingpriority
movementforbicycles.Theintentisto
calmanddiscouragenonlocaltrafficon
bicycleboulevards.
Advantages Slowsspeedofmotorvehicles Providesmodeseparationbetween
bicyclesand
motor
vehicles
passing
throughconcurrently
Discouragescutthroughtraffic Actsashorizontaldeflectiontoreduce
speed,andismorecomfortablethana
speedbump
Somedesignsmayallowforgreentreatmentsandthatimprove
attractiveness.
Disadvantages Reducesonstreetparking
capacity
Cost
Application
Softdiversionuseinlocationwherereduced
volume
is
desired,
but
hard
diversionisnotpossible
Useasgatewaytreatment Speedreduction HarddiversionatTintersection
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Ensureadequatepassthrough Providegoodvisibilitybetween
modes.
Providegoodvisibilityandadequatewarningoffloatingislands.
Potentialtoaddspeedcushionincenterofdeviceforadditionalspeed
reduction
Oppositionalflowoftrafficimprovesspeedreductionbenefit
Autospeedthroughpinchpointandcyclistmergepoint.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Mustaccommodateturn
movementsat
intersections
Widthofextension/islandscanbeincreasedforwider
streets
Source:GregRaismanUtrecht,TheNetherlands
ImplementationObstacles NotpartoftheManualonUniform
TrafficControlDevices(MUTCD)
ExampleCities/Countries Utrecht,TheNetherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
ChicanesDescription/Purpose
Alternatingcurbextensionsorislands
installedtocreatehorizontal(serpentine)
shifts
of
the
travel
lane
thus
reducing
trafficspeeds.
Advantages Narrowcircuitouslanesthatlimitthe
clearpathofvisionandencourage
slowauto
speeds.
Narrowtravellanesprovideopportunitiesforonstreetparking
Disadvantages Placementofcurb
extensions/islandsmay
eliminateon
street
parking
Application
Bicycleboulevards Lowtrafficresidentialstreetwith
sharedspaceforbicycleandmotor
vehicletraffic.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Allowpedestrianandbicyclepass
through
Avoiddisruptingdrainage Medianislandsmaybeinstalledto
eliminatetheopportunityfordrivers
toavoid
travel
lanes
shifts
by
driving
downthecenterline.
Opportunitiestoenhanceaestheticswithlandscapingandstreetscape
design.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Refertootherdesignsheets
Narrowwidthroadway Passthroughcurb
extensions
Source:DenverIgartaVictoria,BC,Canada
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Seattle,Washington Tallahassee,FL Victoria,BC,Canada
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
NarrowWidthSharedRoadwayDescription/Purpose
Abikewayonalocalstreetwitha
narrowwidthtoreducemotor
vehicle
speeds
and
enhance
safety
forcyclistsandpedestrians.
Advantages Achieveobjectivesofsafety,
comfortandattractivenesson
sharedlocal
streets.
Localstreetstypicallyhavefewermodalconflicts.
Providemorespaceforpedestrianrealm(sidewalks,landscaping,
etc.).
Potentialforlessimpervioussurface.
Disadvantages Localresidentsmayobject
toimprovementsor
alterationson
their
street.
Cost
Application
Lowtrafficresidentialstreetwithamixedprofileforbicycleand
motorvehicle
traffic.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Complementaryspeedlimits Considerwaystopreserveaccess
foremergency
vehicles,
buses
and/ordeliverytrucks.
Bicyclesarepermittedtousetheentirewidthoftheroadway.
Considerpossiblediversionimpactsonadjacentstreets.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Roadwaywidth(curbto
curb)
12.5ft:extremelylowvolumes(CROW)
16ft:basedonbicycle/car/bicycle
combination(CROW)
Designshouldconsiderneighborhoodaesthetics.
Source:DenverIgartaVancouver,BC,Canada
ImplementationObstacles Requiresenablinglegislationto
sufficientlyreducespeedlimits
ExampleCities/Countries Muenster,Germany Berlin,Germany Netherlands(CROW)
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
ResidentialSpeedLimit(Zone30/Tempo30/20mphZone)Description/Purpose
Discouragemotoristsfromcutting
throughresidentialareasbysettinga
speed
limit
of
20
mph
and
implementing
necessarytrafficcalmingmeasures.
Advantages Improvesroadsafetybyreducingthenumberofcrashrelatedinjuries
Relativelyinexpensivetoimplement Concentratesthroughtrafficonstreetsdesignatedasarterials
Enhancesneighborhoodlivability(noiseIevels,airquality,other
trafficnuisances)
Enablescycliststomorecomfortablysharetheroadwith
motorists
Disadvantages Enforcementrequirements
Application
Localservicetrafficstreetsinresidentialareas.
Applytoanareaconsistingofseveralstreetsratherthananindividual
streets(UK)
Bicycleroutesoffthemainarterialstreets.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Ifzoneistoolarge(>250acresorasquarekm),itmaydiverttoomuch
trafficonto
arterials.
(SWOV)
Determineneedfortrafficcalmingmeasurestoaccompanyspeedlimit
signs.
Trafficcalmingdevicesmustbebicyclefriendly.
Gatewaytreatments(signs,pinchpointsandothercalmingmeasures)
atneighborhoodentrypointshave
beenshowntobeveryeffectivein
reducingspeeds.(UK)
Considerspeedlimitpavementmarkings
(aka
roundel
marking)
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Refertoothertrafficcalming
relateddesignsheets
Source:DenverIgartaVancouver,BC,Canada
ImplementationObstacles Requiresenablinglegislationtosufficientlyreducespeedlimits
ExampleCities/Countries NewYorkCity,NY1 Graz,Austria Netherlands(SWOV) UKDeptofTransport
1NewYorkSTATEVehicle&TrafficLaw1643
II.Incitieswithapopulation>1million,speedlimits
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
SpeedBumpsDescriptionSpeedbumpsareshortsectionsofroadway
thathavebeenverticallyraisedtocausea
reduction
in
automobile
speed.
(Also
known
asSpeedHumps(14)orSpeedTables(22))
Advantages Fulltimespeedreduction Lowcostrelativetoenforcement Quicktoinstall
Disadvantages Firevehicleresponsedelay Potentialtogeneratenoise
Application
LocalServiceorNeighborhoodCollectorstreetsthatarenotMajorEmergency
ResponseRoutes
DesignConsiderations Adequatemarkings Adequatewarningsigns Distancefromutilityaccess
pointsandintersectingstreets
Distancefromdriveways
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance BumpSpacing
Rangesfrom300500ftbutistypicallynear400ft.
BumpSize SpeedBump(14ft)on
LocalService
streets
SpeedTables(22ft)onbusroutesandNeighborhood
Collectorstreets
OffsetSpeedTablesonMajorEmergency
ResponseRoutes
Source:GregRaismanPortland,OR
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,OR
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
HomeZone/WoonerfDescription/Purpose
HomeZonesareresidentialstreetsin
whichtheroadspaceissharedbetween
drivers
of
motor
vehicles
and
other
road
users,withthewiderneedsofresidents
(includingpedestrians,bicyclists,and
children)inmind. (UKDfT)
Advantages Improvesneighborhoodlivability
andtrafficsafetybymakingstreets
placesfor
people,
not
only
traffic.
Changesthelayoutofthestreetsothatmotoristsperceivethatthey
shouldgiveinformalpriorityto
otherroadusers.
Reducescutthroughtrafficandspeedingbymotorists
Prioritizespedestrianandbicycletravelonresidentialstreets
Disadvantages Canreduceconnectivityfor
motorvehiclecongestionrelief
Impactsconvenienceofresidentsandvisitorswhodrivetotheneighborhood
Application
HomeZonescanbeestablishedinareas
thatareprimarilyresidential.Thistraffic
managementsystem
is
particularly
beneficialinareaswithschools,parks,
andotherpublicspaces.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Motoristsshouldfeellikeguests
onthestreet.(UK)
Streetdesignmustbelegibletovisuallyimpaired.
Preservetwowayconnectivityonallstreetsforbicyclesand
pedestrians
Ensureacceptablelevelsofdiversiononadjacentstreets
Retainemergencyresponseaccess Focusonoperationalandareawide
strategies
Utilizecapitalprojectsstrategically Retainaccessforstreetsweeping Retainaccessfordeliveriesand
basicmunicipalservicessuchas
garbageremoval.
Accommodateoccasionalusebylargevehicles(UK)
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Travellaneshouldbeasnarrow
aspracticableminimum10ft
(UK)
Designfor20mphtravelspeed Trafficflowsof
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
TrafficVolumeControlMeasuresDescription/Purpose
Volumecontrolmeasurescoverall
techniqueswhichutilizeaphysicalbarrierto
restrictthe
flow
of
motor
vehicles.
Treatmentstocontrolautovolumesinclude:
Semi (Partial)diverter Medianbarrier Diagonaldiverter Culdesac/Fullstreetclosure Forcedturnisland
Advantages Reducepotentialconflictsbetween
motorvehiclesand
bicyclists/pedestrians
Increasecomfortandattractivenessofroutefor
bicyclists
Enhanceneighborhoodlivability
Disadvantages Createssomeaccess
restrictionsforlocalresidents
Trafficmaybedivertedtoanadjacentlocalstreet
Enforcementmayberequiredforpartialdiverters
Application
Bicycle
boulevards
Localservicestreetsinresidentialareas Streetswithadocumentedcutthrough
trafficproblem
Nottransitormajoremergencyresponseroute
DesignGuidanceDesign/MaintenanceConsiderations
Consider
designs
that
preserve
necessaryaccessforemergency
vehiclesoroccasionaltruck
deliveries
Makepassableforpedestriansandbicyclists
Provideadequatealternativeexit/entryroutesforautomobiles
Considertrialtreatmentperiod Enhancevisibilitywithsigns,
delineations,paintedcurbs,etc.
Consideruseinsetstomakethrough
traffic
possible
but
less
attractive
Considerintegratingstormwater,utilitiesandotherfunctions
MaintenanceLevelLow
Source:DenverIgartaPortland,OR
ImplementationObstacles Defininganeighborhoodoutreach
process
ExampleCities/Countries
Berkeley,
CA
Boulder,CO Eugene,OR Portland,OR Seattle,WA
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
CopenhagenGreenCycleRoutesDescription/Purpose
Greencycleroutesserveabicycle
mobilityfunctiononquietroutes
separated
from
heavy
traffic.
These
routesservebothatransportationand
recreationfunctionpassingthrough
neighborhoods,parks,greenwaysand
naturalspaces.Greencycleroutesare
long(15mi)continuousroutesthat
formacitywidenetworkcomplementing
thecitybikewaynetwork.
Advantages Offersrouteswithminimalmotor
vehicleconflicts
Providesthehigheststandardofbikewaydesign
Disadvantages Challengeofconnectinggreen
spacestoformanetwork
Application
Greenareasandlowtrafficroadways Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Widebicyclepathwayandseparatedwalkwaythepreferred
treatment
Minimizeoutofdirectiontravel Minimizestops(delays)forcyclists
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Refertootherdesignsheets:
OffStreetandSharedUsePath
Sections
Bicyclestreets
Source:CityofCopenhagen
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Copenhagen,Denmark
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
Trails/OffStreetorSharedUsePathSections
Description/Purpose
Minimumandstandarddimensionsfor
offstreetexclusivebikepathsand
shared
use
pathways.
Advantages
Uniformityofexpectationsforusersanddevelopers
Disadvantages
Application
Offstreetbikepathsorsharedusebikeandpedestrianpathways.
Design/Maintenance
Considerations
Travelspeedofbicyclists Grade Pedestrianvolumes Securityissuesnighttime
illumination
Nocurbing Signing,includingroutesigning MarkingsMaintenanceLevelLow
ImplemenationObstacles
Rightofwayacquisition
Source:DenverIgarta
Munich,Germany
ExampleCities/Countries
BurkeGilmanTrail,Seattle,WA SpringwaterCorridor,Portland SouthWaterfrontTrail,Portland Netherlands(CROWmanual)
DesignGuidance
Horizontalseparationofmodes,particularlyoncommuteroutes
Vegetationadjacenttocatchrunoff Ideally,pedestriansandbicyclists
shouldbeseparated,especiallyin
areaswithhighexpecteduse.
Bike&pedtrafficcanbecombinedif
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
CarFreeStreet/Zone
Advantages
Achievessafety,comfortandattractivenessoncarfreestreets. Providesbicyclistsanalternativetobusyarterialstreets. Bicyclistscanremainclosetotheirbicycletoreducetheftandfacilitate
transportofpurchasedgoods.
Allowingbicycling(asopposedtoprohibitingit)inpedestriandistricts: Offersaccesstothedestinationsclusteredinthearea Eliminateswhatmayformasabarrierinthebicyclenetwork Enablesbicycliststoavoidbusystreetsthatoftenencirclepedestrian
districts
Description/Purpose
Streetsorareaswithaconcentrationof
destinations where motor vehicles
have
been
excluded
from
the
public
rightofway. Combine pedestrian and
bicycle traffic (modes with minimal
nuisance) to provide for an attractive
carfreeexperience.
Disadvantages
PossibleconflictswithpedestriansApplication
Streetsinthecentralbusinessdistrictor
regional/town
center
with
high
numbersofpedestriansand
bicyclists.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations
Volumeofpedestrians/bicyclists Speedofbicyclists Pedestriandistrictstreetslimitedto
bus,taxiandservicevehicleaccess
shouldalsobeavailabletobicyclists
Signing,includingroutesignage PavementmarkingsMaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Horizontalseparationofmodes Wherevolumesofpedestrians
andbicyclistsarehigh,designing
forseparationmaybedesirable.
Bike&pedtrafficcanbecombinedif
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
Trail/OffStreetPathTransitionDescription/Purpose
Theconcretedrivewayrampwithbollard,
signingandmarkingsthatdelineatethe
beginning
or
end
of
a
bicycle
only
or
sharedusepathwaywhereitmeetsa
standardpublicrightofway.
Advantages Currentdrivewaydesignisfamiliar
toconstructandnotconfusedwith
pedestrianramp
Candoubleasaccesspointformaintenancevehicles.
Separatesbicyclistsfrompedestriancrossingpaths
Disadvantages Widerthanstandardramp,so
usesmorespace
Addedcostofconstruction
Application
Anystreetwhereanoffstreetpathorsharedpathentersorcrossesatypical
rightofway.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Sharedusepathsmayneedadded
signingtocommunicatedesired
separationofmodes.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Standard12ftdrivewaywith
single,removablebollard
centeredinramp.
Pedestrianrampsadjacenttobicycledrivewayonbothsides
withdrop
ramps
at
sidewalk.
Useoddnumberofbollardsonly
Source:DenverIgartaVancouver,BC,Canada
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,OR Copenhagen,DK Houton,NL
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleUndercrossing(Tunnel)Description/Purpose
Bicycleundercrossings,ortunnels,provide
bicyclistsgradeseparatedpassagebeneath
major
arterial
streets.
Tunnels
eliminate
theconflictscyclistswouldencounterwith
motorizedtrafficifthecrossingwasat
grade.
Advantages Conflictfreecrossingofbicycleandmotorizedtraffic
Mayoffershorterinclinesthananovercrossing.
Disadvantages Susceptibletovandalism Securityconcerns Cost
Application
Intersectionbetweenamainbikewayandamajorarterialstreet.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Unobstructedviewsthroughtunnels(CROW)
Goodlightingsituationforsecurity.Maximizedaylight.
(CROW)
Considergroundwater/drainageissues.
Bicyclistpreferablyatgroundlevel(CROW)
Clearofvegetation.Nocornersorrecesses.(CROW)
Wallsrecedetowardstop(CROW)MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance Bicyclesection
Separatefootpath:10ftminimum(CROW).
Shareduse:11.5ftminimum(CROW).
Height:>8.2feet Incline
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
GreenWaveDescription/Purpose
Greenwavesarecoordinatedtraffic
signalsthatallowbicycliststotravelfrom
intersection
to
intersection
without
stoppinginonedirection.Signs
communicatetobicycliststheintended
speedforthefacilityandhowfastthey
needtoridetostaywithintheband.
Greenwavesincreasetheefficiencyofthe
bicycleandareadevelopingtoolto
addresshighdemandbicyclecorridors.
Advantages Reducesthenumberofstopsfor
bicyclistsalonganarterialstreet.
Makescyclingmorecompetitiveascomparedtoautomobiletravel. Reducespersondelay,where
bicycleandtransitvolumesexceed
autocarryingcapacity(orwhere
policydictates).
Reducednoiseduetolowerspeeds Increasessafetyforallroadway
users(includingpedestrians)
Disadvantages Potentialtoincreasecomplaints
fromdriversabouttrafficsignal
timingand
maintenance.
Potentialairqualityimpactsduetoincreasedidlingattraffic
signals(notinallcases).
Moredifficulttoimplementontwowayroadways.
Application
Arterialandcollectorstreetswithgroupsofsignalizedintersections
Highbicyclevolumes Ahighpercentageofthrough
movementsforbicyclists
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Identifyeffectstotraffic(bicycle
andautomobile)inbothdirections
Undercongestedconditions(automobilecongestion),impacts
tovehiclesmaybelesssignificant
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Greenwavespeedsmaybe
influencedbygrade
Operationmaybelimitedtoperiodsofpeakbicyclistuse
Operationmaybelimitedtoperiodswhensignaltimingis
operatingatagivencyclelength
Signalcyclelengthsmayneedtoberevised,requiring
comprehensivecorridor
evaluation.
Source:CityofCopenhagen
ImplementationObstacles Autotrafficcongestionresultingin
complaints
Increasedroadmaintenancecostsduetobrakingcausedbyheavy
vehicles
ExampleCities/Countries Copenhagen,DK Amsterdam,NL
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
TrafficSignalOperationsforBicyclesDescription/PurposeItiscommonplacetohavetrafficsignalsdesignedprimarilyforautomobiles.However,there
are
several
techniques
that
can
balance
theusefulnessofthetrafficsignalforbicyclists,including:
Advancedsignaldetectioninthebikelane
Shortendelayforbikeboulevardcrossings
Leadingbicycleinterval
Advantages Reducesbicycledelay(associated
withadvancebicycledetectionanduncoordinatedsignals)Providesbicy
clistpriorityover
bicyclistsafetybythe
otherusers(leadingbicycleinterval)Increasesallowingaheadstartthroughintersection(leadingbicycleinterval)
Disadvantages Additionalmaintenance
associatedwithadvancebicycledetection
Increasedtrafficcongestionassociatedwithadditionalgreentimeusedbybicyclists(advancedetection,signalphasing,leadingbicycleinterval)
Application Signalizedintersectionswherebicyclists
travelatahighspeeds Locationswhereintersectionoperationis
notintuitiveforcrossingthroughthesignal Highvolumeofbicycletrips
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Identifyeffectstotraffic(cyclists
andauto)inbothdirections Identifymodeofoperationof
signal(timeofdayforcoordination)anddeterminewhetheritisnecessary.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Advancedetectionmust
accountforsignaltimingparameters(gaptiming),speedofbicyclists,andpotentialforautomobilestoactuatethedetector.
Visibilityofdisplayforleadingbicycleintervalneedscarefulconsideration.
Source:DenverIgartaAmsterdam, NL
ImplementationObstacles
Exclusivesignaldisplaysfor
bicycleshavenotbeenreviewedbytheFederalHighwayAdministration.
ExampleCities/Countries
Albany,OR(advance
detection) Boulder,CO(scramble
phase) Portland,OR(scramble)
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
TrafficSignalCrossingsforBicyclesDescription/Purpose
Varioustypesoftrafficsignalcontrolprovide
opportunitiesforbicycliststocrossmajor
streets
in
a
safe
and
comfortable
manner,
include:
Fulltrafficsignalswithdetection/actuationforbikes
PedestrianHybridSignals(a.k.a.Hawk)
Midblocksignalsfortrailsandpedestriancrossings
Advantages Reducesbicycledelayduring
periodsofhighvehicletraffic
Providesasaferprotectedcrossing Helpscreateanattractiveand
lowstressrouteforbicyclists
Disadvantages Powerandmaintenancecosts
forsignal
Increasedstopsanddelayforautomobiletraffic Increaseddelayforbicyclists
duringperiodswhenthemajor
streettrafficislow
Application
Bicycleboulevardcrossingsofhighervolumecollectorandarterialstreets.
TrailcrossingsofhighervolumeCollectorandArterialStreets
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Evaluatewarrantstoidentifythe
needforatrafficsignalandthe
type
of
signal.
Placementofanewsignalalongamajorstreetshouldconsider
signalspacingandprogression.
Identifymodeofoperationofsignal(timeofdayfor
coordination).
Designdetectorssothattheyareeasyforbicycliststouse.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Source: CityofPortland(PBOT)
ImplementationObstacles PedestrianHybridSignalsarenot
yetapprovedforgeneraluse.
Exclusivesignaldisplaysforbicyclesarenotincludedin
proposeddesignstandardsfor
HybridSignals.
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,OR Phoenix,AZ Boulder,CO
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
TruncatedCycleTrack RampDowntoBikeLane
Description/Purpose
Acycletrackthatrampsdowntothe
roadwayinadvanceoftheintersectionto
reduce
conflicts
with
right
turning
motorists.
Advantages
Bicyclistsaremorevisibletomotoristsatintersections.
Mitigatesriskofrighthookcrashwithrightturningmotorists. Increasesvisibilityofbicyclistsinadvanceoftheintersection.
Disadvantages
Bicyclistsmayhaveasenseofperceivedriskenteringatravel
lanewith
motor
vehicles.
Application
Cycletrackssituatedbehindonstreetparkingorotherwiseremovedfrom
travellane.
Intersectionswithfrequentrightturningmotorvehicles.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations
Bicyclistsrampdowntoadedicatedbikelaneormixed
rightturnlane.
Providebikelaneuptotheintersection. Markbicyclecrossingthroughtheintersection.
Maybecombinedwithbicycleboxtreatment.
Removeparkinginadvanceoftheintersectiontoincreasevisibility.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Rampdownatleast70100ftbeforetheintersection
dependingonthenumberof
right
turning
motorists.
(Denmark)
Ifcombinedwithrightturnlanemustbeabout13ftwideto
facilitatesafemerging
manoeuvres.(Denmark)
Source:CityofVancouver,BC
ImplementationObstacles
n/a
ExampleCities/Countries
DenmarkCollectionofConcepts
Muenster,GermanyAmsterdam,Netherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
CycleTrackTwoStageSignalizedLeftTurnwithQueuingSpace
Description/Purpose
Twostageleft(akaCopenhagenLeft,
MelbourneLeft,jughandleturn)offers
bicyclists
a
safe
left
turn
movement
where
therearephysical/safetybarriersto
enteringtheroadwayinadvanceofthe
intersection.Bicyclistsproceedstraight
acrosstheintersectiontothefarsideand
thenqueueinfrontofthecrossstreet
traffic.
Advantages
Reducesconflictsbetweenmotoristsandbicyclists.
Bicyclistscanpositionthemselvesinfrontoftrafficoncrossstreet. Reducescomplexityofleftturnfor
bicyclists.
Disadvantages
Bicyclistsmustwaitfortwosignalsratherthanone.
Bicyclistsmayfeeluncomfortableinthequeuingarea.
Application
Cycletracksorbikelaneswithmultiplemotorvehicletravellanes.
Signalizedintersections.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations
Usepavementmarkingstochannelizebicyclemovementsand
definequeuingspace.
Consideraphysicalrefuge(e.g.curb
extension
or
jug
handle)
for
queuingbicyclists.
Considerbicycleadvancedsignal.MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Markingsseparateleftturnandthroughmovementsofbicyclists.
Adequate/markedqueuingarea.Queuingareawidth>4.0ft
(CROW).
Motoristsoncrossstreetarenotallowedtoturnrightonred.
Source:CityofMuenster,Germany
ImplementationObstacles
n/a
ExampleCities/Countries
Netherlands,CROWManualCopenhagen,DenmarkMuenster,Germany
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
ForwardStopBarDescription/Purpose
Asecondstopbarforbicyclistsplaced
closertothecenterlineofthecrossstreet
than
the
first
stop
bar.
Typically
used
with
crossingtreatment(i.e.curbextension)to
encouragebicycliststotakefulladvantage
ofcrossingdesign.
Advantages Bicyclistshavebettervisibilityof
crossstreettraffic.
Bicyclistsaremorevisibletoadjacentmotorists. Bicyclistsarepermittedtobypass
queuingmotorists.
Shortenscrossingdistanceforbicyclists.
Disadvantages Rightturnvehicleconflictif
bicyclistarrivesaftermotorist
goingin
the
same
direction.
Potentialconflictswithpedestrianscrossingthelegof
theintersectionwiththeforward
stopbar.
Application
Lowvolume,stopcontrolledintersections,preferablywithcurb
extension
Unsignalizedbicycleboulevardcrossing
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Low%rightturningmotorists Moderatemotorvehiclevolumes Highvolumesofbicycletraffic Placementoftheforwardstopbar
inrelationtothecrosswalk
Adequatespaceforpedestrians Shouldbethermoplasticdueto
increasedwear
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Considerothertreatmentsif
>25%motorvehiclesturnright
or>15%bikes(Portland)
Combinedbike/rightturnlane
Bikeboxinthroughlane Stopbarshouldbe
thermoplastic
Stopsignpermitsbicycliststomovepastthemotoriststop
barwithoutstopping.
Source:CityofPortland(PBOT)
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,OR
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleBoxDescription/Purpose
Bicycleboxesareatrafficcontroldeviceat
signalizedintersectionsthatrequire
motorists
to
stop
a
short
distance
before
thecrosswalkandallowbicycliststostopin
theareabetweenthecarsandthe
crosswalk.Bicycleboxesgivebicyclists
prioritybyallowingthemtogotothehead
oftheline.
Disadvantages Eliminatesmotoristrightonred.
Potentialforunfamiliardriverstobeconfusedortoencroachintothebicyclebox.
Maintenancecostsofcoloredsurface.
Application
Signalizedintersections:
Ahighnumberofqueuingbicyclists
Highautomobile&bicyclevolumes Frequentturningconflicts Ahighpercentageofturningmovementsbybothbicyclistsand
motorists.
Advantages Givesbicyclistspriorityandmakesthemmorevisibletomitigate
righthook
threat.
Givesbicyclistsonbikeboulevardsprioritywhensignalhasashort
greenphase.
Enablesleftturningbicycliststopositionthemselvestotheleft
priortogettingagreensignal
(worksviseversaifbicyclists
turningrightfromleftsidebike
lane).
Lessensnuisancefromexhaust.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Identifydimensionsthatworkbestforbicyclists(comfort/safety)
Boxmaybedisregardedbymotoristsifnotcommonlyfilled
bybicyclistsandproperlysigned.
Considersurfacecolorandmarkingstoreducevehicle
encroachment
MaintenanceLevelHigh
DesignGuidance Reservoir(box)depth
13ft 16.4ft(CROW/London)
Leadinapproachbikelanetoallow
bicycles
to
bypass
queuing
motorvehicles.
Minimumwidth:5ft(London)
Aslongasqueuelength Prominentbicyclesymbolandbrightcolorsurfacing.
Rightturnonredprohibited. Considerheadstartadvancedsignal.
Source:DenverIgartaPortland,OR
ImplementationObstacles NotpartoftheManualonUniformTrafficControlDevices
(MUTCD)
ExampleCities/Countries Cambridge,MA Portland,OR Vancouver,BC,CA Victoria,BC,CA Amsterdam,Netherlands Muenster,Germany
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
TrafficCircles
Description
Trafficcirclesareraisedcircularislandsat
thecenteroftheintersectionoftwoormore
streets.
Advantages
Requiresmotoriststoslowdowntodrivearoundthem
Reducesthelikelihoodofrightanglecollisions
Disadvantages
Highcost Delaytofiretrucks Longvehiclescannotgoaround
circletomakealeftturn
Wherebikelanesdonotexist,bicyclistsandmotoristsare
forcedtogether
Application
LocalServicestreetsonly DesignConsiderations Proximityofcircularroadwaytopedestriancrossingpath
Emergencyvehicleaccess Onhighvolumeroadways
impactrepairsmaybemore
frequent,but
are
typically
infrequent. Maintenanceof
vegetationforvisibilityissues
mayberequiredeveryfive
years.
MaintenanceLevel Medium
DesignGuidance
Source:DenverIgarta
Vancouver,BC
DesignObstacles/Challenges
n/a
ExampleCities/Countries
Seattle,Washington Portland,Oregon Vancouver,BC,Canada
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleBoulevardOffSetIntersectionwithArterialStreet
Description/Purpose
Avarietyoftreatmentstofacilitateanoffset
bicycleboulevardcrossingofamajortraffic
street
where
the
bicycle
boulevard
forms
two
closelyspacedTintersections.
Advantages
Providesfacilitiesforbicycliststoenablingthemtocrossone
directionof
traffic
at
once
or
using
adedicatedsignal.
Facilitatesbicyclemobilityonbicycleboulevards.
Providessafecrossingsofhighvolumeroads.
Disadvantages
Somedesignsmaylimitturningmovementsfor
motorists.
Parkingremovalmayberequiredforsome
designs.
Application
Bicycleboulevardsintersectingarterialstreetsatoffsetlocations.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations
DesignsforRIGHToffsetintersectionsinclude:
Bicycleonlycenterturnlane(s)Medianrefugeislandwith
integratedbikepath
Rightrunningbikelane/cycletrackwithleftturnpockets
Twowaybicyclesidepath DesignsforLEFToffset
intersectionsinclude:
Rightrunningbikelane/cycletrack
Twowaybicyclesidepath Provideadequatebicycleturnlane
width
Considermedianrefugesorsignalsatintersectionsforrightrunning
bikefacilities
Considercrossbike tomarkroadwaycrossingsforbicyclists
Alldesignsmayincludeasignal.MaintenanceLevelMedium
DesignGuidance
Bikelanewidth6to8ft
Useretroreflectivematerials
on
raised
or
paintedcenterturn
lanes.
Source:RogerGeller
Portland,ORImplementationObstacles
n/a
ExampleCities/Countries
Portland,OR Seattle,WA Tucson,AZ DeBilt,Netherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
MedianRefugeDescription/Purpose
Ashortmedianoffullheightcurb
constructedbetweenautomobiletravel
lanes
where
bicyclists
(and
pedestrians)
cantakerefugewhilecrossingamulti
laneorhighvolumearterial.
Advantages Calmstrafficandprovidesspacefor
safebicycleandpedestriancrossing
Allowsbicyclistsandpedestriantocrosswhilefocusingononedirectionoftrafficatatime.
Disadvantages Mayrestrictleftturn
movementsofautomobiles
Requiresrightofwaythatmayresultinlossofparkingspacesoratravellane
Cost
Application
Relativelywideroadwayswithmultiplelanesandfewgapsintraffic.
Maybeusedatsignalizedorunsignalizedcrossings.
Canbeeffectivewhenlocatedatintersections
between
signalized
intersectionsthatcreategaps
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Adequatewidthtoallowabicyclist
withatrailertobeprotectedfrom
thetravellanes
Angledrefuge(45degree)canbeusedtoprovidespaceandface
bicyclisttowards
oncoming
traffic
Ifacrossingislandislandscaped,itshouldnotcompromisevisibility.
Considerreflectorsorlightingtoenhancevisibilityatnight
Preferableatgradepassagethroughtheislandratherthanrampsand
landings.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Medianwidth:minimumwidth8
ft,10ftpreferred(BMP)
Shouldbeatleast6.6ftwidetoprovidesufficientwaiting
space.(MTC)
If2misnotavailable,thebicyclestorageareamaybe
angledacrossthemedian
(MTC)
Source:DenverIgartaPortland,OR
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,OR(BMP) SanFrancisco,CA(MTC)
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
CrossbikeMarkings
Description/Purpose
Pavementmarkingsadjacenttothecrosswalk
indicatingspaceforbicyclestocrossmajor
intersections.
Increases
visibility
of
bicycles
at
intersectionsandencouragesmotoriststo
yieldrightofwaytobicyclistswaitingtocross.
Advantages
Providesgreatervisibilityforbicyclistsatintersections.
Informsallroadwayusersofwherebicyclistsshouldcross. Separatesmodestoreduceconflicts.
Disadvantages
Crossbikewillhavehigherthannormalwearbasedon
thelevel
of
crossing
auto
traffic.
Application
Wheremainbicycleroutescrossrelativelyminorcollectors.
Wherecrosstraffichastoyieldrightofwaytocrossingbicyclists.
Notappropriatewherespeedsexceed30mph
unless
signalized.
(Sustrans)
DesignGuidance
Minimumwidthofsinglelanecrossingis5ft
(London/CROW)
Minimumwidthoftwowaycrossingis10ft(CROW)
Elephantfootprints.Blockmarking(CROW)
20inby20inmetersSpacing:20in
ImplementationObstacles
NotinManualonUniformTrafficControlDevices
(MUTCD)
Mayrequireenablinglegislation
Standards
for
application
needed
Source:DenverIgarta
Groningen,NL
Design/Maintenance
Considerations
Considercombiningwithyield(sharksteeth)marking.
Useofcolor Improvesvisibility Increasesmaintenancecost
Markingsshouldnotbeconfusedwithcrosswalks
Skidresistantmarkingsforbicycles
Physicalmeasurestoslowtraffic. Civilcrossingimprovementsshouldbeintroducedin
conjunction.
Ifsignalized,prohibitrightturnsonred.
Consider
ladder
bar
shape
(aka
Zebra)toreduceautotirewear
Considermarkingadjacentcrosswalktodistinguishtwo
pathways
MaintenanceLevelHigh
ExampleCities/Countries
London,England(Sustrans) Vancouver,BC(Keefer/Carrall)
Vienna,Austria Netherlands(CROW) Paris,France Groningen,Netherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
PassthroughCurbExtension
Description
Acurbextensionwithapathforbicyclists
thatpermitsthemtodriveoverthecurb
extension.
Advantages
Eliminatesconflictpointwherebicyclesandautomobilesshare
thesame
space
Disadvantages
Potentialforpedestriancyclistconflict
Automobilesovertakingbicyclesandconflictsafterbothpasscurbextension
Application
Highconflictpointwherefrequentlystoppedtransitvehiclemayblockbike
lane
Softdiversionlocationwhereroadisnarrowedtoinducequeuingfor
automobiletraffic
DesignConsiderations
Conspicuityofinroadfeaturesforroadwayusers
Clearlycommunicatetocyclistandmotoriststheproperpathto
take
Clearlydesignaterightofwaybetweenopposingmotorists
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Roadnarrowingto16ftdoesnotrequireadvancewarning,below
16ftprovideadvancewarningof
narrowroad
Markbikepaththroughcurbextension
to
reduce
conflict
with
pedestrians
Providetruncateddomesforpedestriansforcrossingboth
bikepathandenteringroadway
Bikelanewidthovercurbextensiontomatchbikelane
standards
Source:DenverIgarta
Vancouver,BC
DesignObstacles/Challenges
n/a
ExampleCities/Countries
Vancouver,BC Portland,OR
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleBoulevardPavementMarking
Description/Purpose
Largepavementmarkingsthatidentify
bikeboulevards.Intentofmarkingsisto
make
these
streets
recognizable
to
all
usersasbicycleprioritystreets.
Advantages
Guidebicyclistsalongtheoccasionaljogsonboulevardroutes.
Reinforcesproperbicyclepositiononasharedroadway. Makesbicycleboulevardsas
recognizable toroadwayusersas
streetswithbicyclelanes.
Disadvantages
Maintenancecosts.
Application
Lowtrafficsharedroadways. Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Supplementalarrowshelpdirectbicyclistswhenboulevardroute
jogs.
Fittheneighborhoodaesthetic. Placenearhighconflictareas
(driveways).
Applymarkingswithretroreflectivepaintorthermoplastic(Alta)
Shouldbeskidresistant. Considertheapplicationofcolor
andmarkingsatmajorcrossings.
Considerwear/maintenanceonroadwayswheremotorvehicles
travel.
Potentialneighborconcernsaboutaesthetic.
MaintenanceLevel
Low
DesignGuidance
Installmarkingsatallintersectionsandatregular
intervals:
200ftintervals(Alta) Symboldimensions
Largebicyclesymbol5by9(CROW)
5.5by9(LondonCyclesymbol1057)
Source:vuzessen.de
Essen,Germany
ImplementationObstacles
NotinManualonUniformTrafficControlDevices(MUTCD)
ExampleCities/Countries
SanLuisObispo,CA Berkeley,CA Portland,OR Eugene,OR Essen,Germany Kiel,Germany
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
SharedRoadwayMarkingsDescription/Purpose
Sharedroadwaypavementmarkings,or
sharrows,aremarkingsusedtoindicatea
shared
lane
environment
for
bicycles
and
automobiles.Sharrowsincreasethe
visibilityoftheroadwayasavalidplacefor
bicycletrafficandguideproperroadway
positioningofbicyclistsonstreetswherea
separatedfacilityisdesiredbutnotfeasible.
Advantages Helpsbicyclistsposition
themselvesinlanestoonarrowfor
amotor
vehicle
and
abicycle
to
travelsidebysidewithinthesame
trafficlane.
Mimicstheeffectofbicyclelanesonstreetswithconstrainedrights
ofwayandalertsroadusersofthe
laterallocationbicyclistsmay
occupy.
Movesbicyclistsoutofthedoorzoneofparkedcars.
Encouragessafepassingbymotorists.
Disadvantages Maintenancerequirements Lessdesirablethanaseparated
bicyclefacility.
Application
Streetswithmoderatemotorvehicletrafficvolumes,butwherebikelanesare
precludedbyconstrainedrightofway.
Shortgapsbetweenbikelanes. Streetswithoutspaceforbikelanesin
bothdirections.
Lowtrafficsharedroadwaystoindicatepresenceofbikeway.
Todesignatethroughmovementofbicyclesthroughsharedturnlane
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Visibleplacementofmarkings.MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Designguidanceforsharrows
areprovidedintheManualon
UniformTrafficControlDevices
(MUTCD)
Bikeandchevronsymboldimensions9ft3inby3ft3in.
Markingplacedminimum11fromcurbface.
Symbolspacingshouldcorrespondtodifficultyof
bicycliststrying
to
take
proper
travelpath.
Source:Denver
IgartaPortland,OR
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries SanFrancisco,CA Portland,OR Montreal,Quebec,Canada Usedby76jurisdictionsin26
statesasof2009
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BikewayDestinationSignageDescription/Purpose
Guidesigningforbicyclistsalong
designatedbikeroutes.Reinforcebikeway
network
by
providing
visual
cues.
Direct
bicycliststodestinationsviapreferred
routes.
Advantages Guidesbicycliststosignificant
destinations
Encouragespotentialriders
Disadvantages Sizelimitsinformation Signclutter
Application
Bikerouteintersections Atkeydecisionpointsalongbikeways
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Currentsignsincludedirection,
destination&distance(3D)
consideraddingdifficulty.
Conspicuity Legendsize ColorcodeorroutenumberingMaintenanceLevel Low
DesignGuidance ManualonUniformTraffic
ControlDevices(MUTCD)
OregonDepartmentofTransportation(ODOT)standard
CityofPortlandstandardsign
Source:CityofPortland(PBOT)
ImplementationObstacles FederalHighwayAdministration
andODOTcurrentlyhave
standards
that
differ
from
the
City
ofPortland.
Maintainingandupdatingsystemwithadditionofnewroutes
becomesincreasinglycomplex.
ExampleCities/Countries Portland,OR Berkeley,California Vancouver,BC,Canada Netherlands Denmark
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
StreetcaronBikeways(Centerorleftrunningstreetcartrackswithbicyclelaneorcycletrack)
Description/Purpose
Thestreetisdesignedtoaccommodatea
centeror
left
running
streetcar
track
and
platform. Bicyclistswilleithertraveltothe
rightofthestreetcarineitherabikelane,
cycletrackorvehiclelanefreeofthe
streetcartracks.
Advantages Bicyclistsandstreetcarare
completelyseparated.
Increasessafety. Thecenterplatformeliminates
thepinchpointatcurbextension
platforms,andthelackofparked
carseliminatesconflictwith
parkingcarsanddoors.
Centerplatformseliminatecurbextensionplatformsthatforce
bicycliststocrosstracksat
shallowangles.
Disadvantages Potentialconflictswith
pedestrianscrossing
the
streettothecenterplatform.
Application
Wherestreetcarisplannedonaonewayortwowaystreetwithabicycle
facility.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Separatebicycletravelfrom
streetcartrackstotheextent
possible.
Clearlymarkwherecrosswalksmeetwiththebicyclefacility
(bikelaneorcycletrack)
Wayfindingsignsandmarkingsshouldbecreatedforbicyclists
toindicateturningopportunities
Designshoulddirectbicycliststocrosstracksatarightangle.
Crossing
angles
should
be
near
perpendicular.
Midblockorfarsidestreetcarstopsmayresultinfewer
conflictsthannearsidecorner
stops.
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance Trackcrossingangleforcyclists
Minimum45degreeangle Offer90degreewhenever
possible
Source:DenverIgartaAmsterdam,NL
ImplementationObstaclesn/a
ExampleCities/Countries Melbourne,Australia
(SwanstonSt.)
Portland,OR(SWBond/SWHarrison)
Amsterdam,Netherlands
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleFriendlyTransitStopDesign
Description/PurposeAboardingplatformisplacedatatransitstopbetweenthebicyclefacilityandtheroadway
to
eliminate
the
need
for
transit
vehiclesandbikestomerge.
Advantages
Busesarenotforcedtomergeinto/acrossthebikelane.
Bicyclistsdonothavetomergeintoautomobiletrafficoracrossrailtrackstoovertakeastoppedtransitvehicle.
Disadvantages
Pedestrianshavetocrossthebicyclefacility.
Ifinadvanceofanintersection,visibilityofbicyclistsmaybeobscuredbyplatform/shelter.
PotentialADAissues.
Application Bikelanesorcycletracksontransit
routeswherebusesmergewithbicycliststoreachapassengerboardingarea.
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations
Atintersections,visibilityformotoristsandbicyclistsshouldnotbeblockedbytheshelter.
Communicateproperpositioningforbicyclists,pedestriansandmotorists.
Considermarkingsorcoloredpavementinbicyclefacilityatconflictareaswithpedestrians,includingwherepedestrianscrossthebicyclefacility.
Considermaintenancestreetsweeping
MaintenanceLevelLow
DesignGuidance
Platformshouldbeatleast6.56ftwide.(CROW)
Platformwithsheltershouldbewider(8.2ft)withthedistancebetweenthebicyclefacilityandtheshelterbeingatleast2.1ftapart.(CROW)
Providetruncateddomesandcrosswalkmarkings forpedestrianscrossingboththebicyclefacilityandtheroadway
Widthofbicyclefacilitythroughtheboardingareamustmatchdesignstandards
Source:DenverIgarta
Portland,OR
ImplementationObstacles NotpartoftheManualonUniform
TrafficControlDevices(MUTCD)ExampleCities/Countries
Netherlands(CROW) Copenhagen,Denmark Portland,OR
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BIKEWAY DESIGN best practices
BicycleLift(Trampe)Description/Purpose
TheBicycleLiftisacontinuouscollective
transportationconceptforassisting
bicyclists
up
steep
hills
in
urban
areas.
Advantages Eliminatesaseveretopographical
barrier
Providesaccessforallbikewayusers,notjustthemostfit. Providesasweatfreeoption
Disadvantages Installationcostsand
maintenance
Maycreateabarrierforlocalautoaccess Rightofwayrequirements
Application
Relativelyshortbikewaysegmentswithsteepgrades
Importantlinksinthenetwork
Design/MaintenanceConsiderations Semiundergroundcableway Electrickeycardunitatbaseofhill
(operationisunmanned)
Trondheimprototype: Operationalsince1993 Served145,000tripsinfirst6yrs 4,500keycardholders(approx.
150,000residents)
Operatesform7amto10pm Safety:noinjuriesin5years.User
safetyratingof4.7outof6points
70%ofusersweremaleMaintenanceLevel High
DesignGuidance Maximumdistance656ft Trondheimprototype:
Distance:430ft Grade:upto20%
Source:CityofTrondheim,Norway
ImplementationObstacles NotpartoftheManualonUniform
TrafficControl
Devices
(MUTCD)
ExampleCities/Countries Trondheim,Norway
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