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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
PIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y OperacinPIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y Operacin
Ph. D., P. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKItgolosinski@expo.intercade.orgConsultor INTERCADE
Junio 2008
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
2. EXCAVACION DE PIQUES(Conventional Shaft Sinking)
2. EXCAVACION DE PIQUES(Conventional Shaft Sinking)
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
SHAFT SINKINGSHAFT SINKING3
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
VARIETY OF SHAFTSVARIETY OF SHAFTS
Most likely choice:
Vertical shaft.
Circular shaft.
Combination one. Concrete lined
shaft. Steel sets.
Other decisions:
Drill or sink theshaft?
Shaft diameter. Shaft depth.
Type of rock.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
In 1987 Shaft Sinkers set an international
mechanised sinking record (200.4 m in one month at
Vaal Reefs No 10 shaft). To do this, a shaft sinking
jumbo - designed and manufactured by the Group
was employed.
Shaft Sinkers also holds claim to the deepest shaft
ever sunk (3 583m below surface at Western Deep
Levels) .
as well as the widest (a 19m diameter shaft at the
Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme).
RECORDS RECORDS
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
PREPARATIONSPREPARATIONS
Determination of geologic and hydrologic
conditions. Permitting, surveying, documentation.
Site access.
Site preparation.
Prevent flooding!
Supplies & services.Power, water, compressed air, maintenance,
storage
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
PREPARATIONS PREPARATIONS
Covered storage for construction materials. A ramp for unloading of heavy machinery ( or
have a crane available). Installation of shaft sinking equipment.
Use final headgear?
Excavation / earthwork needed for shaft
collar.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
MORE PREPARATIONSMORE PREPARATIONS
Water
Use shaft water (industrial water?).
Wells outside of the shaft drainage cone.
Industrial (120 m3) & tap (60 m3) water.
Storm water: control measures. Power
Substation of up to 2000 kVA.
Two independent sources of supply!
Diesel generators (a back-up?).
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
OTHERS (SOME)OTHERS (SOME)
Explosives storage. Fan housing (ventilation).
Transformer station.
Lamp / change house.
Compressor shed.
Stage hoist building. Office trailer / building.
Living accommodations?.
..
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
1Headframe
2- Winder
3- Compressor
4- Fan5- Maintenance
6- Concrete plant
7- Open storage
8- Concrete
winch
9- Stage winch
10-Office
11-Machine shop
12-Emergency
hoist
13-Water tank14-Transformers
15-Compressed
air tank
16-Genset
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
SHAFT BORING SITESHAFT BORING SITE
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
SHAFT SINKING METHODSSHAFT SINKING METHODS
ConventionalDrill-blast-vent-muck-line cycle.
Shaft boring. Non-conventional methods
Rocks with extensive fracture pattern and
water inflows over 0.5 m3/min.
Loose, water bearing ground; also weak and
plastic.Methods include grouting, freezing, & other.
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CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
CONVENTIONAL
SHAFT SINKING
CONVENTIONAL
SHAFT SINKING
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
CONVENTIONAL SHAFT SINKINGCONVENTIONAL SHAFT SINKING
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Use the permanent (final)headframe?
Three deck stage
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Example: Three deck stage
Deck 1: shaft steel sets installation. Decks 2 & 3: stripping, lowering and setting steel concrete
forms.
Deck 3: suspension for mucking units.
Three winch
stage suspension
(+ an emergency
one)
Weight: 35t
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Crash doors
Crash beams
Jack catchers
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Five deck stage
Weight 55 t
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CONVENTIONAL SINKING
DRILL-BLAST-VENT-MUCK-LINE
CONVENTIONAL SINKING
DRILL-BLAST-VENT-MUCK-LINE Simultaneous sinking and lining.
All work in the same section of the shaft. Delayed lining.
Sinking and lining done at the same time
butin different shaft sections.
Separate sinking and lining.
Sinking first and then lining. Center drillhole for mucking ??
If the access is available!
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
SIMULTANEOUS SINKING AND LININGSIMULTANEOUS SINKING AND LINING
Sinking and lining done in one work cycle.
Lining erected upwards (blocks, bricks).Lining lowered downwards.
(underhanging tubing). No need for temporary rock support.
Lining can be delayed for up to 10 m (?) incompetent rock.
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PARALLEL SINKING & LINING
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PARALLEL SINKING & LINING
( IN SEPARATE SECTIONS)
PARALLEL SINKING & LINING
( IN SEPARATE SECTIONS)
High capital cost.
Long shaft life?
Used in large diameter
and deep shafts.
Temporary rock support
usually is needed.
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SEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LININGSEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LINING
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SEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LININGSEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LINING
Shaft sunk in sections of up to 50 m deep.
Actual length depends on rock quality. Temporary lining installed during sinking.
To prevent rock falls & accidents.
Lining of the section done when the sinkingstops.
Slow sinking rate.
Low capital expenditure.
Suitable for small dia & shallow shafts.
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Begin cycle.
Lower drill jumbo.
Dril l out andLoad round
Raise stage 60 m
Clear shaft and blast.
Blow fumes.
Lower stage
Lower bucketsLower loader
Muck .
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SIMPLE TEMPORARY LININGSIMPLE TEMPORARY LINING
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1- Ring, 2 Rock bolt supporting the ring, 3 Suspending hook for the next
ring, 4 Iron sheet liners, 5 Fastening wedges, 6 - Permanent lining
SIMPLE TEMPORARY LININGSIMPLE TEMPORARY LINING
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DEWATERINGDEWATERING
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DEWATERINGDEWATERING
Kibbles.
Submersible pumps.
Airlifts.
Combinations of some /all of the above.
Max. inflow 0.5 m3/min.
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SHAFT COLLARSSHAFT COLLARS33
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SHAFT COLLARSSHAFT COLLARS
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Foundation on :
Shaft head Circular wall Total depth:
15 to 25 m
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Force distribution in
the shaft collar
35 deg.
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Shaft Collar:(example #1)
1, 2 heated airways.3 - water pipes.
4 ladder compart-
ment access.
5 power cables.
6 compressed air.
7 - Basement for
pushers.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Shaft Collar:(example #2)
1 lining.2 heated air
channels.
3 ladder compart-
ment access.
4 power cables.
5 compressed air
and water pipes.6 Basement.
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Ventilation ShaftCollar:
1 lining.2 insulation .
3 ventilation air
channel.4 safety grate.
5 ladder.
6 railing.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
DIMENSIONING LEVEL ACCESSDIMENSIONING LEVEL ACCESS
L maximum length
(transported material)D shaft diameter.
H clearance
H = 0.7 (L D)
Note:For = 450, D = 0.7 D
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SHAFT BOTTOM DEPTHSHAFT BOTTOM DEPTH
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SHAFT BOTTOM DEPTHSHAFT BOTTOM DEPTH
A fixed guides.
B rope guides.
1 Fixed guides.
2 tail rope
loop.3 - guide rope
weights.
4 rope guides.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Time needed to
Sink 1 m of shaft
(an example):
1 Mucking.2 Drilling.
3 Loading of
holes..
4 Total time
Optimize!Optimize!
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DRILLING PATTERNSDRILLING PATTERNS
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DRILLING PATTERNS
Accuracy of excavation (overbreak!).
Clear rock separation at the hole bottoms. Even and sufficient rock fragmentation.
Eliminate damage to any shaft installationsor structure.
Avoid cut-offs of neighboring active holes.
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Drillhole pattern: (a) siltstone, (b) shale, (c) sandstone
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Small diameter, circular shafts
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DRILLHOLE PATTERN IN INCLINEDDRILLHOLE PATTERN IN INCLINED
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STRATASTRATA
Inclination
over 45 deg.
Wedge holes
located along
strike.
Overbreak
larger onhanging
Strata.
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Wedge Cut Pyramid Cut
Rectangular shafts
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade
Sample drilling pattern
for a 9 m diameter shaft(wedge cut)
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TREND TOWARDS BURN CUTS & LONGER HOLESTREND TOWARDS BURN CUTS & LONGER HOLES
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(WITH SUSPENDED DRILL JUMBOS)(WITH SUSPENDED DRILL JUMBOS)
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Typical bench cut
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Typical bench cut
Using 1-3/8 or 1-174 holes
Roach and Roy, 2007
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Typical bench cut
Using 1-3/8 or 1-174 holesRoach and Roy, 2007
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BENCH CUT: FEATURESBENCH CUT: FEATURES
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Easier water handling due to availability of asump.
Bench can be blown clear to check for misfires. The force of the blast is directed into the shaft
wall.
Rather than into stage /Galloway minimizingdamage from fly rock.
Rockbursts are minimized.Shaft bottom has a chance of relieve itself ofthe stress in section.
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Typical cut
Design(full face circular
shaft round)
25-6 / 7.8 m
diameter
Shaft
Roach & Roy, 2007
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Shaft layout
d ti i
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and timing
2 dia holesRoach & Roy, 2007
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MORE ON FULL FACE ROUNDSMORE ON FULL FACE ROUNDS
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Reamer holes one foot longer.Boreholes break fully.
Provides concave sump.
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BLASTHOLESBLASTHOLES
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Currently at 200 to 250 mm maximum (reamer
holes).
Large hole diameter:
Reduces footage of drilling.
Reduces consumption of explosives.
Small hole diameter.
Hand drilling only. Bulk loading of explosives is becoming common.
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EXPLOSIVESEXPLOSIVES
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Anfo- based slurries and emulsions largely
replaced the nitroglycerine basedexplosives.
Safety, bulk loading.
Consumption is largely independent of
shaft diameter.
Consumption decreases with blastholesize.
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LOADING OF EXPLOSIVESLOADING OF EXPLOSIVES
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Bulk explosives allow faster loadingCartridged explosives largely phased-
out. Pneumatic loading common.
Several holes loaded at the same time.Shaft extruder vessel employed.
Loading four holes simultaneously all 76two inch blastholes are loaded within 32
minutes.
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BULK EMULSION EXPLOSIVESBULK EMULSION EXPLOSIVES
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Less expensive than cartridged ones.
Faster loading.
Reduced drilling time.
Ability to use larger, longer blastholes, thus
fewer holes. Eliminates misfired holes due to cartridge
ejection.
Reduces hazards.
Vs. detonator sensitive explosives.
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CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVESCONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES
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Depends on physical properties of rock
20 to 30% less in shales than in hard
sandstones.
Still higher in hard, homogeneous rock.
Depends on hole size (see above) andlength.
Consumption decreases with increasinghole utilization factor.
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CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES, kg/m3CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES, kg/m3
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Hole utilization
factor, lo/l
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HOLE UTILIZATION FACTORHOLE UTILIZATION FACTOR
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Rock does not fragment at bottom of the
Blasthole.
Blasthole utilization factor:F = Lo / L
Where:Lo utilized length of Blasthole.
L - drilled length of blasthole.
F grows with increasing hole diameter.
There is an optimum F (see below).
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Shale
Q = 1.1 kg/m3
Cartridge 32 mm
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Time needed to
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Time needed to
sink 1 m of shaft
(an example):
1 Mucking.2 Drilling.
3 Loading of
holes.
4 Total time.
Optimize!
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Three-ring connection
of electric caps:
1 Cable.
2 Protecting pipe.
3, 4 Active antenna.
5 Passive antenna.
6 Electric caps
(in holes).
7 Supporting sticks.
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NONEL SYSTEM
REPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORS
NONEL SYSTEM
REPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORS
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REPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORSREPLACING ELECTRIC DETONATORS
Extremely resistant to accidental
detonation.By static electricity and stray electric
currents.
By radio transmission.
Flames, friction or impact.
By now an industry standard.
Electronic detonators?
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MUCKINGMUCKING70
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Cryderman
mucker
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TYPES OF MUCKERSTYPES OF MUCKERS
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Cactus grab.
Either light or heavy on central pivot.
Hand-guided while hanging from the platform.
Muckers.
Usually rocker muckers, eg Eimco.Driven by an operator.
Cryderman muckers.
Scrapers.
Rectangular & large diameter shafts.
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WHAT AFFECTS MUCKING EFFICIENCY?WHAT AFFECTS MUCKING EFFICIENCY?
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TYPICAL CYCLE TIME 4 TO 10 HRSTYPICAL CYCLE TIME 4 TO 10 HRS
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Example: Bechtel, Nevada
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Time needed to
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Sink 1 m of shaft(an example):
1 Mucking.2 Drilling.
3 Loading of
holes.
4 Total time.
Optimize!
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COMMENT(CIM MAGAZINE)
COMMENT(CIM MAGAZINE)
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( )
1970 to 2007 was the only time period to date
where sinking rates were not increased
drastically through some improvement in
technology.
One very important aspect of shaft sinking did
improve, however, and that is safety. Accident
rates on shaft sinking projects have droppedappreciably over the period.
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CIM: HISTORY OF SHAFT SINKINGCIM: HISTORY OF SHAFT SINKING
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80
80
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(SAMPLE)
REGULATIONS
(SAMPLE)
REGULATIONS
A good guideline
for shaft
sinking operation.
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GENERAL DUTY OF CAREGENERAL DUTY OF CARE
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An employer, contractor or owner must ensure
that all shafts in a mine are designed,
constructed and maintained to safely bear theloads that may reasonably be anticipated to be
placed on them.
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NOTICENOTICE As soon as is reasonably possible but not later than 90
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days before a shaft-sinking operation commences, anemployer, contractor or owner must give notice of the
shaft-sinking operation by submitting to the chief mines
inspector:(a) the drawings and specifications for:
(i) the sinking procedure to be used.
(ii) the shaft lining program.
(iii) the equipment to be used in the sinking
rocess, including dump doors; and
(iv) the shaft collar; and
(b) the primary and secondary signal systems to
be used during a shaft-sinking operation.
83
SHAFT COLLARSHAFT COLLAR
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An employer, contractor or owner must ensure thatevery shaft or raise opening at the surface is
provided with a collar that is:
a) designed and constructed in accordance withsound engineering practices to prevent any
person or equipment from falling into the shaft or
raise.b) made of concrete or equivalent material; and
c) if reasonably practicable, secured to the
bedrock.
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DESIGN OF SHAFT SINKING EQUIPMENTDESIGN OF SHAFT SINKING EQUIPMENT
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An employer, contractor or owner must ensure that theconveyance used in the shaft sinking, its components, the
hoisting system and mountings, and the crosshead are
designed, constructed, installed, operated and maintained
so that the conveyance is capable of transporting workers
safely.
2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), if a shaft
is being sunk, an employer, contractor or owner mustensure that:
a) the conveyance measures at least 1 070
millimetres from the floor of the conveyance to thetop of the side of the conveyance; and
b) the suspension members of the conveyance are
securely attached to the hoist rope.
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MORE .MORE .3) If the distance between the shaft collar and the shaft bottom is
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greater than 60 metres, the employer or contractor must ensurethat:
a. the crosshead:
I. lands on at least two chairs at the bottom
crosshead stop to prevent distortion of thecrosshead;
II. is equipped with a safety device for attaching theconveyance to the crosshead so that the
crosshead cannot jam in the shaft compartmentwithout stopping the conveyance; andIII. is of a type that encloses the conveyance
unless the shaft compartment is tightlylined and the conveyance is barrel-shaped.
4)An employer or contractor shall not require or permit persons tobe transported in a conveyance during a shaft-sinking operationunless the requirements of subsections (1) to (3) are met.
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DOORSDOORS
During a shaft-sinking operation, an employer or
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contractmust ensure that dump doors meeting therequirements of subsection (2) are installed at theconveyance dumping position.
2) The dump doors required by subsection (1) must:
a) prevent the conveyance from being
dumped while the dump doors are open;b) prevent any material from falling down the shaft
while the conveyance is being dumped;
c) be equipped with devices that mechanically latchthe dump doors out of the shaft compartment
automatically when the dump doors are fully open.
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MOREMORE3) During shaft-sinking operations, an employer or contractor must
ensure that service doors are:
) i t ll d t th ll d
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a) installed at the collar; and
b) equipped with devices that mechanically latch the service
doors out of the shaft compartment automatically when
the service doors are fully open.4) An employer or contractor must ensure that the doors required
by subsections (1) and (3) are closed while a conveyance is:
a) being loaded with tools or materials; orb) being unloaded.
c) Except when a closed crosshead that provides
equivalent protection for persons is in use, an employeror contractor must ensure that the doors required by
subsections (1) and (3) are closed while persons are
entering or leaving a conveyance.
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SIGNAL LIGHTSSIGNAL LIGHTS
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An employer or contractor must ensure that dual
lights are installed at the hoist operator's position
that activate automatically to indicate to the hoistoperator that:
(a) the crosshead and conveyance are
descending together from the dumping
position; and(b) the dump doors and service doors are
closed or open.
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MULTI-DECK STAGEMULTI-DECK STAGE
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If a multi-deck stage is used during a shaft-sinking
operation, an employer, contractor or owner must
ensure that:(a) the multi-deck stage is:
(i) designed by a professional engineer;
(ii) constructed, installed, operated andmaintained in accordance with the design
mentioned in subclause (i); and
(b) any ropes used with the multi-deck stage meet
the load factor requirements set out in section 160.
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OPEN HOOKS ARE PROHIBITEDOPEN HOOKS ARE PROHIBITED
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During a shaft-sinking operation, an employer or
contractor must ensure that no open hooks are
used to suspend any staging, working platform,
conveyance or other equipment in the shaft.
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MEANS OF ESCAPEMEANS OF ESCAPE
Subject to subsection (2) during a shaft sinking operation an
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Subject to subsection (2), during a shaft-sinking operation, anemployer or contractor must ensure that a suitable manway is
constructed and maintained in the shaft from the collar to the
sinking stage.
2) An employer or contractor may install an independently-powered
escape conveyance in a shaft in place of a manway, but the
conveyance must be fully operational before the shaft exceeds a
depth of 30 metres.3) The employer or contractor must provide an auxiliary ladder that:
a) extends from the permanent ladder or the sinking stage to the
bottom of the shaft; andb) is located and attached so that it can be promptly lowered to
any point at which workers are working.
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BEFORE HOISTING A SINKING BUCKETBEFORE HOISTING A SINKING BUCKET
During shaft sinking operations an employer or contractor must
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During shaft-sinking operations, an employer or contractor mustensure that:
(a) a sinking bucket is not moved from the top or bottom
of a shaft until the worker in charge of the sinking buckethas steadied the sinking bucket;
(b) a sinking bucket is not moved from the bottom of a
shaft until the worker in charge of the sinking bucket has
examined the sinking bucket and has removed any mud
or other material that may be sticking to it; and
(c) before a sinking bucket containing loose rock or
material is moved, no loose rock or material projectsabove the rim of the sinking bucket.
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RIDING IN SINKING BUCKETRIDING IN SINKING BUCKET(1) During shaft-sinking operations, no employer or contractor shall require or
permit any person:
(a) to ride on the rim or outside of a sinking bucket; or
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(a) to ride on the rim or outside of a sinking bucket; or
(b) subject to subsection (2), to ride in a sinking bucket that
contains ore, waste or any other materials.
(2) Small items, including tools, may be carried in a sinking bucket if:
(a) it is necessary to do so; and
(b) adequate precautions are taken to ensure the safety of workers
being transported in the sinking bucket.
(3) An employer or contractor must ensure that, during shaft-sinking operations:(a) the sinking bucket used to transport workers is in the charge of a
competent worker authorized by the employer or contractor; and
(b) no person other than an authorized competent worker gives
the signals for the movement of a sinking bucket used to transportworkers.
(4) A worker being transported in a sinking bucket must obey the instructions of
the authorized competent worker in charge of the sinking bucket.
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LOWERING SINKING BUCKET TO BOTTOM OF
SHAFT
LOWERING SINKING BUCKET TO BOTTOM OF
SHAFT
S bj i 89 if i ki b k i b i l d h
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Subject to section 89, if a sinking bucket is being lowered to the
bottom of a shaft during shaft-sinking operations, the employer
or contractor must ensure that:
(a) the sinking bucket is stopped at a distance of not lessthan five metres and not more than 10 metres from the
bottom of the shaft and, beyond that point, lowered
slowly and only on a separate signal from the worker incharge of the sinking bucket; and
(b) while the crosshead is being chaired and released,
the hoist is operated at creep speed only.
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LOWERING WORKERS AFTER BLASTLOWERING WORKERS AFTER BLAST
During shaft-sinking operations, on the first trip in which workersare
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are
transported down a shaft after a blasting operation, theemployer or contractor must ensure that:
(a) the sinking bucket does not transport more workers thanare necessary to make a proper examination of the parts ofthe shaft that might have been affected by the blast;
(b) subject to clause (c), the sinking bucket is not lowered
beyond a point in the shaft beyond which the health or safetyof workers may be endangered and, in any case, is notlowered beyond a point that is less than 15 metres abovethe top of the blasting set or the multi-deck stage; and
(c) beyond the point mentioned in clause (b), the sinkingbucket is lowered slowly and only on a separate signal fromthe worker in charge of the sinking bucket.
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OVERHEAD PROTECTIONOVERHEAD PROTECTION
D i h ft i ki ti if k i th h ft i t b
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During shaft-sinking operations, if work in the shaft is to be
carried out at more than one elevation at the same time, the
employer or contractor must ensure that workers in the lower
elevations are protected from the danger of falling objects ormaterials by installing a secure covering that:
(a) extends over a sufficient portion of the shaft to afford
adequate protection to the workers below; and(b) is capable of withstanding the maximum load that may
reasonably be anticipated.
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98
SINKING SHAFT IN SEDIMENTARY
STRATA
SINKING SHAFT IN SEDIMENTARY
STRATA
If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water-bearing or
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If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water bearing orbrine-bearing sedimentary strata, the employer, contractor or
owner must give written notice to the chief mines inspector of
any intention to drill any hole for the purpose of consolidating ashaft site by a grouting or freezing method.
(2) A notice required by subsection (1) must:
(a) be given as soon as is reasonably possible but
not later than 90 days, before drilling begins;
(b) include the location of the proposed shaft
and the number and depth of the holes to be
drilled; and(c) if subsection (3) applies, include the radius
and specifications of the pillar to be left around the shaft.
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CONT .CONT .
3) If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water
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3) If a shaft is to be sunk in an area underlain by water-
bearing or brine-bearing sedimentary strata, the
employer, contractor or owner must ensure that:
a) a substantial pillar is left around the shaft at each
working horizon that is adequate to protect the shaft
from any damage resulting from movement of the
strata; and
b) a professional engineer determines the appropriate
radius and other specifications of the pillar to meet
the requirements of clause (a).