Elementos mecánicos transmisores de movimiento

8/9/2019 Elementos mecánicos transmisores de movimiento

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H`hdheyoq ysmeqdkqoshq ih`dorkdkheyo=3

Xekimi



Amqk `m yoym`kimi ih `mq dí}xkemq }xh hdz`hmdoq he `m mayxm`kimi xyk`kvme m`löe qkqyhdm ih ysmeqdkqkñe ih`dorkdkheyo% Hqym ysmeqdkqkñe, he `m dm{osäm ih òq amqoq, qxh`h ks maodzmýmim ih xe mxdheyo o shixaakñe

ih` eödhso ih shro`xakoehq% Aoe h`ò qh mimzym `m rhòakimi ih lkso ih òq doyoshq h`ëayskaoq { ih

aodcxqykñe m `mq hwklheakmq ih òq mzmsmyoq }xh xyk`kvmdoq%

@m heosdh ameykimi ih dí}xkemq ih }xh ikqzoeh h` qhs gxdmeo he `m mayxm`kimi ykheh qx osklhe he òq

xyheqk`koq ashmioq, he òq m`coshq ih `m Gkqyoskm, zos h` Godo qmzkheq bmchs 'exhqyso meyhzmqmio zheqmeyh {

bmcskameyh+%

Osklkemskmdheyh qh `kdkymcme m xyheqk`koq o keqysxdheyoq }xh `h zhsdkykhqhe qocshrkrks bsheyh m mekdm`hq

ihzshimioshq aoe òq }xh aodzhyäm% Hqyoq xyheqk`koq hsme gmagmq, `mevmq, axagk`òq, hya% Lsmakmq m h`òq,

bxkdoq amzmahq ih bmcskams ihqzxëq dí}xkemq díq aodz`hfmq%

M``í zos h` mýo 1%8:: m%A%, he Dhqozoymdkm 'mayxm` Ksm}+, {m qh aoeoaäme ò }xh òq meyklxoq bk`ñqoboq

iheodkemsoe ‐`mq akeao dí}xkemq qkdz`hq—6 `m axým, h` z`meo kea`kemio, h` yosek`ò, `m sxhim { `m zm`meam%

Yoimq `mq dí}xkemq }xh hdz`hmcme qh bmcskamcme m zmsyks ih ëqymq o dhikmeyh xem aodckemakñe ih h``mq%

Mihdíq, `mq yshq zskdhsmq hqyíe dx{ sh`makoemimq heysh qä%

@m ehahqkimi ih dí}xkemq díq aodz`hfmq ``hrñ m akhsyoq lhekoq, m zmsyks ih` Shemakdkheyo, m `m shaozk`makñe

h kerheakñe ih exhroq dhamekqdoq% Amch ihqymams òq qklxkheyhq6

3

Keysoixaakñe



1

@hoemsio im Rkeak 'Kym`km, mýo =2::+% Shaozk`m h kerheym dx̀ ykyxi ih dhamekqdoq ih yoioykzo% @m dm{osäm hqyíe shaozk`mimq he xeoq dmexqaskyoq ihzoqkymioq he `m Ckc`koyham Emakoem` ih Dmiski

'Añihw K { KK+%

Agskqyozghs Zo`ghd 'Qxhakm, mýo =2;2+% Shaozk`m h kerheym gmqym xe yoym` ih 7: dí}xkemq

qkdz`hq 'dhamekqdoq+, }xh dmeim aoeqysxks he bosdm ih zsoyoykzoq% M hqyh aoefxeyo ih dhamekqdoq `h

iheodkem m`bmchyo dhaíekao, he h` }xh `mq akeao dí}xkemq qkdz`hq ih `m Meyklðhimi qoe `mq roam`hq { h` shqyo

`mq aoeqoemeyhq% Qhlöe ë`, m zmsyks ih hqyoq dhamekqdoq qh zoisäm bosdms axm`}xkhs dí}xkem aodz`hfm, m` klxm`

}xh aoe `mq roam`hq { `mq aoeqoemeyhq qh bosdme bsmqhq%

Aoeqyhiy 'Qxhakm, mýo =<3;+% Mdz`äm h` m`bmchyo dhaíekao gmqym =:1%

Gmaghyyh 'Bsmeakm, mýo =7==+% Gmah xem a`mqkbkamakñe bxeakoem` ih yoioq òq dhamekqdoq

aoeoakioq gmqym heyoeahq, myheikheio m `m `mcos }xh shm`kvme iheyso ih `m dí}xkem m `m }xh zhsyhehahe% Hqym

bosdm ih mem`kvms òq dhamekqdoq ih dí}xkemq gm ``hlmio gmqym exhqysoq iämq, { hq `m qklxkheyh6

He `m mayxm`kimi, h` eödhso ih dhamekqdoq hwkqyheyhq hq heosdh, {m }xh qh aodckeme ikqzoqkykroq dhaíekaoq,

h`ëayskaoq, h`haysñekaoq, ehxdíykaoq, hya%, zmsm ozykdkvms qx hbkakheakm%

Shahzyoshq6 Qoe òq h`hdheyoq }xh shakche h` dorkdkheyo ih xe doyos zskdmsko%

Shlx`mioshq6 Keyhssxdzhe o eo h` zmqo ih hehsläm heysh ikqykeyoq dhamekqdoq> zos

hfhdzò, hdcsmlxhq, amfm ih rhòakimihq, hya%

Aodxekamioshq6 Heamslmioq ih ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo%

Doikbkamioshq6 Ysmeqbosdme xe ykzo ih dorkdkheyo he oyso%

Ozhsmioshq6 Qoe m}xh`òq dhamekqdoq }xh zsoixahe xe hbhayo bkem`%

Dí}xkemq qkdz`hq

ih ̀ m meyklðhimi%

=3%=% Cshrh keysoixaakñe gkqyñskam qocsh `mq dí}xkemq



9

=3%3% Dí}xkemq o qkqyhdmq yëaekaoq

M H`hdheyoq doyskahq% Qoe òq heamslmioq ih zsozosakoems `m hehsläm ehahqmskm zmsm }xh

qh zsoixvam h` dorkdkheyo% Ihzheikheio ih` ykzo ih hehsläm mzsorhagmim, òq h`hdheyoq

doyskahq qh zxhihe a`mqkbkams he doyoshq zskdmskoq { doyoshq qhaxeimskoq%

Doyoshq zskdmskoq% Hqyoq doyoshq smsmdheyh zsozosakoeme hehsläm ikshaymdheyh

m `m dí}xkem% Qh `kdkyme m ysmeqbosdms`m, lhehsm`dheyh he hehsläm h`ëayskam, zmsm }xh

zxhim qhs xqmim zos xe doyos qhaxeimsko% @m dm{os zmsyh ih hqyoq ‐doyoshq—, mqä aodo

`m hehsläm xyk`kvmim qh gme rkqyo he yhdmq meyhskoshq { qoe hehsläm gkisíx`kam, hñ`kam,

qo`ms, exa`hms, }xädkam { ih aolhehsmakñe% Doyos Qyks`kel%

Yoimq `mq dí}xkemq qxh`he hqyms aodzxhqymq zos zmsyhq bkfmq { dñrk`hq% Axmeio qh `hq qxdkekqysm hehsläm m `mq

zmsyhq dñrk`hq, ihqaskche dorkdkheyoq zshhqymc`hakioq { shzhykykroq%

@mq dí}xkemq hqyíe aodzxhqymq zos ioq zmsyhq bxeimdheym`hq iheodkemimq h`hdheyoq doyskahq { h`hdheyoq ih

dí}xkemq 'dhamekqdoq+%

Doyoshq qhaxeimskoq% Qoe m}xh`òq ax{m hehsläm ih qm`kim maakoem `mq dí}xkemq ikshaymdheyh% @mq hehslämq

hdz`hmimq he òq doyoshq qhaxeimskoq qoe6

Hehsläm dxqax`ms% 'Zsoahiheyh ih mekdm`hq o zhsqoemq+% Hfhdzòq6 amsso ih amcm`òq, fmsikehso aoe amsshyk``m, m`cmýk`qxckheio amslmq dmexm`dheyh, hya%

Hehsläm yësdkam% Ocyhekim m` }xhdms m`löe aodcxqykc`h% Ihzheikheio ih }xh ëqym qh shm`kah iheyso o bxhsm ih`

ak`keiso, yhehdoq6

m+Doyoshq ih aodcxqykñe hwyhsem% H` díq aoeoakio hq `m òaodoyosm ih rmzos% Xe doyos aoe lsme bxyxso zhso eo

dx{ aoeoakio hq h` doyos Qyks`kel% 'Shm`kvm xe msyäaxò qocsh h` doyos Qyks`kel, cxqameio kebosdmakñe he Keyhsehy+%

c+ Doyoshq ih aodcxqykñe keyhsem% Hfhdzò6 doyoshq ih lmqo`kem, ikhqh`, yxscosshmayoshq, hya%

Hehsläm h`ëayskam% @oq díq aoeoakioq qoe h` doyos h`ëayskao { h` h`haysokdíe%



8

C H`hdheyoq ih dí}xkemq

Ihzheikheio ih qx bxeakoemdkheyo { ih `m hehsläm xyk`kvmim, qh zxhihe a`mqkbkams he yshq lsmeihq lsxzoq6 h`hdheyoq dhaíekaoq,

h`ëayskaoq/h`haysñekaoq { ehxdíykaoq/ñ`ho$gkisíx k̀aoq%



<

=3%9% Maoz`mdkheyoq heysh ísco`hq

Ísco` ih ysmeqdkqkñe6 hqyí qodhykio myosqkñe%

Hfh6 qo`mdheyh qozosym h` zhqo ih `mq zo`hmq%

Ihqih h` zxeyo ih rkqym dhaíekao, hq aoerhekheyh ikbhsheakms heysh ísco`hq { hfhq%

Axmeio hq ehahqmsko ysmeqdkyks xe

dorkdkheyo heysh ioq zxeyoq dx{ ikqymeyhq,

qh zxhihe hdz`hms ísco`hq ih ysmeqdkqkñe

dx{ `msloq '}xh shqx`yme amsoq+ o rmskoq

aosyoq, maoz`mioq heysh qä%

Ihzheikheio ih `mq aoeikakoehq ih

ysmeqdkqkñe, qh hdz`hme ioq ykzoq ih

maoz`mdkheyo6 sälkio { dñrk` % He mdcoq

amqoq qh ysmym ih maoz`mdkheyoq

ihqdoeymc`hq, {m }xh meyh axm`}xkhs soyxsm

o bm``o qh bmak`kym xe amdcko ih dmehsm

qheak``m%



7

Maoz`mdkheyo sälkioheysh ísco`hq%



;

Maoz`mdkheyo dñrk` heysh

ísco`hq%



=:

=3%8% Ysmeqdkqkñe zos sxhimq ih bskaakñe

Ysmeqdkqkñe ih zoyheakm qke ihq`kvmdkheyodhikmeyh sxhimq ih bskaakñe hwyhskoshq%

Aoeqkqyh he ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo heysh ioq sxhimq lsmakmq m `m bxhsvm

ih sovmdkheyo% Zmsm h`ò, `mq voemq ih aoeymayo ihche hqyms bmcskamimq ih

xe dmyhskm` aoe m`yo aohbkakheyh ih sovmdkheyo, aoe ocfhyo ih hrkyms }xh

ihq`kahe o zmykehe%

Mihdíq, mdcmq sxhimq ihche hqyms bxhsyhdheyh zshqkoemimq xem aoeysm `m

oysm% @m bxhsvm mwkm` 'Bw+ aoe `m }xh qh ihch zshqkoems hq `m qklxkheyh6

Hfhdzò =6

Amàx`m `m bxhsvm Bw ehahqmskm zmsm }xh eo qh zsoixvam ihq`kvmdkheyo qk `m zoyheakm m ysmeqdkyks hq ih :,<8 AR, h`

smiko ih `m sxhim =::dd, e 4 7:: szd { h` aohbkakheyh ih sovmdkheyo ¸ 4 :,8% 'Qo`xakñe6 =1=,2 E+

@m ysmeqdkqkñe ih` dorkdkheyo zos bskaakñe qh zxhih shm`kvms ih ioq dmehsmq, ihzheikheio ih `m qhzmsmakñe ih òq

ísco`hq o hfhq heysh òq }xh qh }xkhsh ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo% Zmsm qhzmsmakoehq zh}xhýmq, qh hdz`hme sxhimq ih

bskaakñe hwyhskoshq, keyhskoshq { añekamq, dkheysmq }xh zmsm lsmeihq qhzmsmakoehq qh hdz`hme aosshmq ysmzhvokim`hq,

z`memq { shioeimq%



==

M Sxhimq ih bskaakñe hwyhskoshq

Ikqymeakm heysh hfhq%Sxhimq ih bskaakñe { qxq

zmsídhysoq kdzosymeyhq%

Hqyíe bosdmimq zos ioq ikqaoq }xh qh heaxheysme he aoeymayo zos qxq zhskbhskmq% H`

aoeymayo qh shm`kvm zos zshqkñe, ih bosdm }xh `m sxhim aoeixayosm 'M+ gmah lksms m `m

aoeixakim 'C+%

@m sxhim }xh ysmeqdkyh h` dorkdkheyo 'lhehsm`dheyh `m díq zh}xhým+ shakch h`

eodcsh ih zkýñe { `m aoeixakim shakch h` eodcsh ih sxhim%

Zos aoerheko, yoioq `oq zmsídhysoq shbhskioq m` zkýñe qh hqaskche he dkeöqax`m { `oq

shbhskioq m `m sxhim aoe dm{öqax`m%

Rkheh imim zos `m qklxkheyh hwzshqkñe6



=3

Sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe%

Rhòakimi ymelheakm`%

Zmsykheio ih` zskeakzko ih }xh eo hwkqyh ihq`kvmdkheyo 'r 4 R+, zoihdoq mqhlxsms }xh `m rhòakimi ymelheakm` ih`

zkýñe { ih `m sxhim, he h` zxeyo ih aoeymayo, hq `m dkqdm { rm`h6

Hfhdzò 36 Ioq sxhimq ih bskaakñe lksme heysh qä qke ihq`kvmdkheyo% Qmckheio }xh `m sh`makñe

ih ysmeqdkqkñe rm`h k 4 =/9 { }xh `m ikqymeakm heysh hfhq hq ih 9:: dd,

ihyhsdkem h` ikídhyso ih mdcmq sxhimq% 'Qo`xakñe6 29: dd { =2: dd%+



=9

A Sxhimq ih bskaakñe ysoeaoañekamq

Sxhimq ih bskaakñe ysoeaoañekamqbosdmeio xe íelxò shayo%

Qh amsmayhskvme zos}xh qksrhe zmsm ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo heysh hfhq ax{mq

zsoòelmakoehq qh aosyme% Ykhehe `m bosdm ih ysoeao ih aoeo, ym` { aodo qh

dxhqysm he `m bklxsm% He axm`}xkhs zxeyo ih aoeymayo ih mdcmq sxhimq, qx

rhòakimi ymelheakm` hq kiëeykam, dmeyhekëeioqh `mq dkqdmq haxmakoehq ih `m

sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe hqyxikmimq meyhskosdheyh%

Mihdíq, ocqhsrmdoq }xh

Zos ò }xh6

Hfhdzò 96

Xem dí}xkem ikqzoeh ih ioq sxhimq ih bskaakñe ysoeaoañekamq zmsm ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo ihqih h` doyos '}xh lksm

m =%3:: szd { qh maoz`m ikshaymdheyh m` zkýñe+ gmqym h` ísco` bkem`, ax{o eödhso ih shro`xakoehq ihch qhs ih =%:::

szd% Amàx`m h` ikídhyso ih `m sxhim aoeixakim qk h` zkýñe hq ih 8: dd% 'Qo`xakñe6 2: dd+

Hfhdzò 86

Qh ihqhm hbhayxms xem sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe ysoeaoañekam dhikmeyh sxhimq ih bskaakñe, ax{m sh`makñe ih

ysmeqdkqkñe hq k 4 =/8% Qmckheio }xh h` zkýñe o sxhim aoeixayosm lksm m ;:: szd, amàx`m6 m+ h` íelxò }xh bosdme òq

hfhq aoe `mq zsoòelmakoehq ih `m qxzhsbkakh ih soimixsm> c+ h` eödhso ih shro`xakoehq ih `m sxhim aoeixakim% 'Qo`xakñe6

m%+ ν 4 <7,<¶ { γ 4 ==,1¶> c%+ E 4 =7: szd+



=8

I Ysmeqdkqkñe dhikmeyh zo`hmq { aosshmq

Zo`hmq { aosshm%

Sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe

Ioeih s hq h` smiko ih `m zo`hm aoeixayosm { S h`

smiko ih `m aoeixakim%

Qh iheodkem zo`hm m `m sxhim }xh qh xyk`kvm he `mq ysmeqdkqkoehq zos dhiko ih aosshm, { aosshm m `m akeym o axhsim

b`hwkc`h xekim m qxq hwyshdoq }xh qksrh zmsm ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo ih lkso heysh xem sxhim { oysm%

Xem ysmeqdkqkñe zos aosshm aoeqym, m` dheoq, ih ioq zo`hmq { xem aosshm%

Hqyh ykzo ih ysmeqdkqkñe qh hdz`hm díq }xh `mq sxhimq, {m }xh ykheh xem

dm{os qxzhsbkakh ih bskaakñe { zxhih ysmeqdkyks dm{oshq hqbxhsvoq% Zmsm

}xh h` sheikdkheyo qhm ñzykdo, `mq aosshmq ihche hqyms yheqmimq

mihaxmimdheyh, hfhsakheio `m bxhsvm mwkm` mihaxmim%



=2

Ykzoq ih zo`hmq { aosshmq%

Zskeakzm`hq ykzoq ih zo`hmq { aosshmq%



=<

=3%2% Ysmeqdkqkñe zos helsmemfhq

Hfh6 Sh`makñe heysh helsmemfhq { sxhimq ih bskaakñe%

Qh hdz`hme axmeio gm{ }xh ysmeqdkyks lsmeihq hqbxhsvoq o qh

ihqhm }xh `m sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe qh dmeyhelm qkhdzsh

aoeqymeyh% Aoeqym ih ioq sxhimq m `mq }xh qh `hq gme ym``mio xem

qhskh ih ikheyhq% M` klxm` }xh oaxssäm aoe `mq sxhimq ih bskaakñe,

m` helsmemfh aoeixayos qh `h aoeoah aoe h` eodcsh ih zkýñe { màoeixakio aodo sxhim%

Xe zms ih helsmemfhq, m hbhayoq yhñskaoq { ih aíàxò, qh zxhihe

aoeqkihsms aodo ioq sxhimq ih bskaakñe hwyhskoshq ax{oq

ikídhysoq aokeakihe aoe òq zskdkykroq ih òq helsmemfhq%

@oq helsmemfhq qh zxhihe xqms zmsm ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo

heysh ísco`hq6 zmsm`hòq, zhszheikax`mshq { ísco`hq }xh qh

asxvme%



=7

M Ysmeqdkqkñe heysh ísco`hq o hfhq zmsm`hòq%

Eosdm`dheyh, h` ym``mio ih òq ikheyhq qh gmah qocsh `m qxzhsbkakh hwyhskos% Axmeio xeo ih h`òq hqyíym``mio zos qx zmsyh keyhsem, m` aoefxeyo ih sxhimq qh `h iheodkem helsmemfhq keyhskoshq% @oq ikheyhq

ih `mq sxhimq zxhihe qhs ikheyhq shayoq, ikheyhq gh`kaokim`hq { ikheyhq he R %

Helsmemfhq ih ikheyhq shayoq% Qoe bíak`hq ih bmcskams, zhso ykhehe h` keaoerhekheyh ih

qhs dx{ sxkioqoq { zsoixaks rkcsmakoehq% Qh hdz`hme axmeio `m zoyheakm }xh qh rm m ysmeqdkyks {

h` eödhso ih shro`xakoehq aoe }xh lksme eo hq dx{ lsmeih% @mq amsmayhsäqykamq ih òq

helsmemfhq ih ikheyhq shayoq qoe6

Ykzo ih aksaxebhsheakm6

$ Aksaxebhsheakm zskdkykrm% Ih smiko Sz zmsm `m sxhim { s z zmsm h` zkýñe, aokeakih aoe `m aksaxebhsheakm ih `mqsxhimq ih bskaakñe%

$ Aksaxebhsheakm keyhskos% @kdkym òq ikheyhq zos `m zmsyh keyhskos% Qh shzshqheym dhikmeyh Sk zmsm `m sxhim { s k

zmsm h` zkýñe%

$ Aksaxebhsheakm hwyhskos% @kdkym òq ikheyhq zos `m zmsyh hwyhsem% Qh keikam dhikmeyh Sh zmsm `m sxhim { s h zmsm

h` zkýñe%

Dñixò 'd+% Hq xe rmòs amsmayhsäqykao ih `mq sxhimq iheymimq }xh qh hwzshqm he dk`ädhysoq% Qh ihbkeh aodo

h` rmòs ih` ikídhyso ih xem aksaxebhsheakm }xh ykheh aodo òelkyxi h` rmòs ih` zmqo% Hq ihaks6

z 4 ϊ ¼ d%

Bosdm { amsmayhsäqykamq ih òqhelsmemfhq ih ikheyhq shayoq%



=;

Sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe% @m sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe zmsm òq helsmemfhq hq `m dkqdm }xh zmsm `mq

sxhimq ih bskaakñe% Rhmdoq axíeyo rm`h he bxeakñe ih` eödhso ih ikheyhq%

@`mdmshdoq Vz m` eödhso ih ikheyhq ih` zkýñe, { V s m` eödhso ih ikheyhq ih `m sxhim { zmqo 'z+ m `m òelkyxi

ih` msao aosshqzoeikheyh m `m aksaxebhsheakm zskdkykrm }xh mcmsam xe lsxhqo 'q+ { xe gxhao ih ikheyh '|+% Qh

ykheh6

@oelkyxi ih `m aksaxebhsheakm zskdkykrm ih` zkýñe 4 ϊ ¼ iz4 z ¼ V

z4 3 ¼ ϊ ¼ s

z

@oelkyxi ih `m aksaxebhsheakm zskdkykrm ih `m sxhim 4 ϊ ¼ Iz4 z ¼ V

s 4 3 ¼ ϊ ¼ S

z

Ikrkikheio dkhdcso m dkhdcso { sh`makoeíeioò aoe `mq sxhimq ih bskaakñe, }xhimsí6

Amsmayhsäqykamq ih` ikheyhq%

Rmòs ih òq ikídhysoq% @mq bñsdx`mq kea`xkimq he `m ymc`m qklxkheyh, sh`makoeme òq ikídhysoq he

bxeakñe ih` dñixò { h` eödhso ih ikheyhq%

Lhehsmakñe yhñskam ih` zhsbk` ih xe ikheyh { m`lxemqamsmayhsäqykamq%



3:

Helsmemfhq ih ikheyhq gh`kaokim`hq%

Helsmemfhq ih ikheyhq he R%

Helsmemfhq gh`kaokim`hq%

Helsmemfhq ih ikheyhq he R%

Qh amsmayhskvme zos yhehs qxq ikheyhq kea`kemioq shqzhayo ih qx hfh% @m

bosdm ysmeqrhsqm` ih` ikheyh hq hwmaymdheyh klxm` }xh he h` amqo ih òq

ikheyhq shayoq%

Ykhehe `m zmsykax`mskimi ih hqyms helsmemeio rmskoq ikheyhq m `m rhv% Hqyo

im `xlms m }xh h` hqbxhsvo ih b`hwkñe qh shzmsym heysh h`òq ixsmeyh `m

ysmeqdkqkñe, aoe ò }xh gm{ dheoq zoqkck`kimihq ih soyxsm { dheoq

sxkioq { rkcsmakoehq% Qoe kiñehoq zmsm ysmeqdkyks lsmeihq zoyheakmq {

zmsm bxeakoems m lsme eödhso ih shro`xakoehq%

@oq öekaoq keaoerhekheyhq qoe }xh shqx`yme díq amsoq, {m }xh qoe díq

ikbäak`hq ih bmcskams, { }xh zsoixahe bxhsvmq mwkm`hq 'qh zxhih

aodzheqms aoòameio soimdkheyoq mwkm`hq he h` hwyshdo ih` ísco`+, zos ò }xh he `m ysmeqdkqkñe ih` dorkdkheyo qh zkhsih zoyheakm%

Aoe ocfhyo ih aodzheqms `mq bxhsvmq mwkm`hq, qh hdz`hme ioq

helsmemfhq ax{oq ikheyhq bosdme xe íelxò aodz`hdheymsko, }xh qh

xehe heysh qä bosdmeio xe helsmemfh he R%

Hfhdzò 26

Amàx`m `mq ikdheqkoehq ih xem sxhim iheymim ih ikheyhq shayoq,qxzoekheio }xh ykheh 2: ikheyhq { xe dñixò d 4 2%Qo`xakñe6

M`yxsm ih miiheixe 4 g= 4 d 4 2dd

M`yxsm ih ihiheixd 4 g3 4 =,38 ¼ d 4 <,8:dd%

M`yxsm ih` ikheyh 4 g= . g3 4 2 . <,8: 4 =1,8:dd%

@oelkyxi ih` ikheyh 4 c 4 =: ¼ d 4 2:dd%

Zmqo 4 z 4 ϊ ¼ d 4 1,=9 ¼ 2 4 =7,79dd%

Ikídhyso zskdkykro 4 Iz 4 d ¼ Vs 4 2 ¼ 2: 4 12:dd%

Ikídhyso hwyhskos 4 Ih 4 d ¼ 'Vs . 3+ 4 2 ¼ '2: . 3+ 4 1<3dd%

Ikídhyso keyhskos 4 Ik 4 d ¼ 'Vs ‑ 3,8+ 4 2 ¼ '2: ‑ 3,8+ 4 198dd%

Lsxhqo ih` ikheyh 4 q 4 '=;/9:+ ¼ z 4 '=;/9:+ ¼ =7,79 4 7,;8dd%

Gxhao ih` ikheyh 4 \ 4 '3=/9:+ ¼ z 4 '3=/9:+ ¼ =7,79 4 ;,;:dd%



3=

Helsmemfhq hzkakaòkim`hq%

Qh aodzoehe ih xem aosoem iheymim keyhskosdheyh, xe zkýñe aheysm`

'iheodkemio z`mehymsko+ { oysoq yshq zkýoehq díq zh}xhýoq, òq axm`hq

helsmeme aoe h` z`mehymsko { aosoem, }xh qh iheodkeme qmyë`kyhq% Hqyoq

qmyë`kyhq lksme `kcshq qocsh qxq hfhq, }xh hqyíe xekioq m` zosymqmyë`kyhq% Qk

maoz`mdoq xeo ih òq h`hdheyoq m xe hfh doyskv { dmeyhehdoq bkfo oyso, he h`

yhsahso ocyheishdoq h` dorkdkheyo ih qm`kim%

M` qhs dö`ykz`hq `mq aodckemakoehq, zoihdoq ocyhehs xe lsme mcmekao ih

zoqkck`kimihq aoe amsmayhsäqykamq yoym`dheyh ikqykeymq% Zos hfhdzò, qk qh bkfm `m

aosoem { qh gmah lksms h` z`mehymsko, òq qmyë`kyhq lksmsíe qocsh `m aosoem,

mssmqysmeio h` hfh zosymqmyë`kyhq m dheos rhòakimi { he h` dkqdo qheykio% Hqyh

ykzo ih helsmemfh qh hdz`hm dxago he m`lxemq aheysm`hq gkisoh`ëayskamq zmsm

mxdheyms { shlx`ms h` eödhso ih shro`xakoehq ih` ísco` }xh mssmqysm h`

m`yhsemios%

Rhs b`mqg qocsh helsmemfhq z`mehymskoq 'zshlxeyms he a`mqh+%



33

C Ysmeqdkqkñe heysh hfhq zhszheikax`mshq }xh qh aosyme

Helsmemfhq añekaoq%

Mz`kamakñe ikshaym ih ̀ oqhelsmemfhq añekaoq%

Qh hdz`hme ioq ykzoq ih helsmemfhq6 helsmemfhq añekaoq ih ikheyhq shayoq { helsmemfhq añekaoq ih ikheyhqgh`kaokim`hq% Hqyoq ö`ykdoq qoe dx{ aodz`kamioq ih shm`kvms, zhso dx{ qk`heakoqoq%



31

A Ysmeqdkqkñe heysh hfhq zhszheikax`mshq }xh qh asxvme

Qo`xakoehq zmsm ̀ m ysmeqdkqkñe heysh hfhq zhszheikax`mshq }xh qh asxvme%

Qh hdz`hme yshq qo`xakoehq6 yosek``o qke bke$aosoem, gkzokih { helsmemfhq gh`kaokim`hq%



Hfhsakakoq%

=¶% Ihyhsdkem axí` qhsí `m díwkdm rhòakimi 'szd+ aoe }xh zxhih lksms h` zkýñe ih xem ysmeqdkqkñe dhikmeyh sxhimq

ih bskaakñe keyhskoshq 's 4 8ad+, qk `m zoyheakm m ysmeqdkyks hq ih :,3 AR, `m bxhsvm mwkm` shm`kvmim hq ih 38 nl { hàohbkakheyh ih sovmdkheyo ¸ 4 :,18% 'Qo`xakñe6 13<,9: szd+%

3¶% Zmsm h` maakoemdkheyo ih xem dí}xkem qh gme ikqzxhqyo ioq sxhimq ih bskaakñe hwyhskoshq ax{oq hfhq qh

heaxheysme qhzmsmioq 2::dd% Qmckheio }xh `m sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe hq ih k 4 ´ { }xh hq maakoemio ikshaymdheyh

zos xe doyos }xh lksm m =%3:: szd, amàx`m6 m%+ h` ikídhyso ih `mq ioq sxhimq> c%+ h̀ eödhso ih szd aoe }xh lksmsí `m

sxhim aoeixakim% 'Qo`xakñe6 m+ i 4 9::dd> I 4 7::dd> c%+ E 4 2:: szd+%

1¶% H` zkýñe ih xe zms ih sxhimq ih bskaakñe keyhskoshq ykheh xe ikídhyso ih 8:dd { mssmqysm m xem sxhim ax{o

ikídhyso hq ih 8:: dd% Qk ikago zkýñe lksm m =%9:: szd, amàx`m6 m%+ `m sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe> c%+ h` eödhso ih szd

aoe }xh lksmsí `m sxhim aoeixakim> a%+ `m ikqymeakm heysh qxq hfhq% 'Qo`xakñe6 k 4 = / =:> E 4 =9: szd> H 4 338 dd+%

9¶% Qmckheio }xh xe helsmemfh hq ih dñixò 1 { ykheh 1: ikheyhq, ihyhsdkem6 m%+ zmqo> c%+ ikídhyso keyhskos> a%+

ikídhyso hwyhskos% 'Qo`xakñe6 m%+ ;,93dd> c%+ 73,8dd> a%+ ;2dd%+%

8¶% Qxzoekheio }xh `m sxhim ih` hfhdzò 2 helsmeh aoe xe zkýñe ih Vz

4 9: ikheyhq }xh lksm m e 4 =%8:: szd,

ihyhsdkem6 m+ eödhso ih shro`xakoehq aoe }xh lksmsí `m sxhim> c+ ikqymeakm heysh hfhq> a+ ikídhyso hwyhskos ih` zkýñe%'Qo`xakñe6 m+ E 4 =%::: szd> c+ H 4 1::dd> a+ i

h4 383dd%+%

2¶% Amàx`m `m sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe ih xe zms ih helsmemfhq he h` }xh h` zkýñe ykheh 8: ikheyhq { `m sxhim ykheh 1:%

Hwz`kam zos }xë h` hfh aoeixakio lksm díq ihzskqm o ihqzmako }xh h` hfh aoeixayos% 'Qo`xakñe6 k 4 =,2<+%

<¶% Xe zkýñe, ax{o dñixò hq ih 3 dd { qx ikídhyso zskdkykro hq ih ;: dd, helsmem aoe xem sxhim ih 2: ikheyhq%

Amàx`m6 m+ eödhso ih ikheyhq ih` zkýñe> c+ ikídhyso zskdkykro ih `m sxhim> a+ rhòakimi ih `m sxhim qk h` zkýñe lksm m

=%::: szd% 'Qo`xakñe6 m+ Vz4 98> c+ I

z4 =3: dd> a+ E 4 <8: szd+%

39



38

=3%<% Amihemq akehdíykamq

M Shzshqheymakñe lsíbkam

Amihemq akehdíykamq%

M amim xeo ih òq zmshq ih helsmemfhq aossh`mykroq qh `h iheodkem yshe ih helsmemfhq%

Hwkqyh xem qkdcoòläm zmsm amim xeo ih òq h`hdheyoq ih dí}xkemq% Hq ehahqmsko ihqymams }xh òq helsmemfhq

qh ikcxfme dhikmeyh xe shayíelxò o aäsaxò he ax{o keyhskos qh aoòam xem W, zmsm keikams }xh hqyí bkfo m` ísco`, o

xem `äehm kea`kemim, zmsm qhým`ms }xh qh zxhih ihqz`mvms òelkyxikem`dheyh 'lksmeio ymdckëe aoe h` ísco`+%

@mq amihemq akehdíykamq qxh`he hqyms bosdmimq zos rmskoq ísco`hq% Amim ísco` qh keikam dhikmeyh xe eödhso

sodmeo% @oq helsmemfhq qh shzshqheyme dhikmeyh `m `hysm V qhlxkim ih xe qxcäeikah, }xh zmsm òq helsmemfhq

aoeixayoshq 'zkýoehq+ qhsí kdzms { zmsm òq aoeixakioq 'sxhimq+ qhsí zms%



32

C Aí`ax`oq



3<

A Amfm ih rhòakimihq

Hfhdzò <6 amfm ih rhòakimihq

aoe helsmemfhq ihqz`mvmc`hq%

Hfhdzò 76 amfm ih rhòakimihq aoeaxmyso ísco`hq ih ysmeqdkqkñe { yshq

zmshq ih helsmemfhq bkfoq%

Hfhdzò <6

Qk h` eödhso ih ikheyhq ih amim xeo ih òq helsmemfhq hq h` }xh qhdxhqysm he `m bklxsm { h` eödhso ih shro`xakoehq ih` doyos hq ih =%7::,

ihyhsdkem h` eödhso ih shro`xakoehq zmsm h` ísco` KKK, ihzheikheio ih `m

aodckemakñe ih helsmemfhq%Qo`xakñe6 Ihzheikheio ih `mq aodckemakoehq, `mq zoqkc`hq qo`xakoehq qoe 3%=2: szd>

1:7,8<szd> 2%::: szd { 78<,=9 szd%

Hfhdzò 76

Xem amfm ih rhòakimihq ikqzoeh ih axmyso ísco`hq ih ysmeqdkqkñe { yshqzmshq ih helsmemfhq bkfoq% Qmckheio }xh `mq sh`makoehq ih ysmeqdkqkñe

heysh òq yshq hfhq qoe kK$KK 4 =/3> kKK$KKK 4 =/1> kKKK$KR 4 =/8, amàx`m h` eödhso ih

shro`xakoehq aoe }xh lksm h` ísco` KR, qk E= 4 =%3::szd%

Qo`xakñe6 9: szd%

Hfhsakako6

Ihyhsdkem òq ikbhsheyhq eödhsoq ih shro`xakoehq }xh qh ocyheisíe he h` ö`ykdo ísco` ih xem amfm ih rhòakimihq qk

ikqzoeh ih ioq ísco`hq% He h` ísco` eödhso K hqyíe òq helsmemfhq V= 4 9: { V3 4 7: { h` doyos, }xh lksm m 7:: szd%

He h` ísco` eödhso KK gm{ xe zms ih helsmemfhq ihq`kvmeyhq aoe òq qklxkheyhq ikheyhq6 V3 4 =:: { V9 4 2: ikheyhq%

Qo`xakñe6 E3= 4 13: szd> E33 4 =%:22,2< szd%



37

=3%7% Sh`makñe heysh zoyheakm { zms

Hfhdzò ;6

Amàx`m h` zms ysmeqdkykio m `mq sxhimq ih xe rhgäaxò, axmeio lksme m 7:: { 3%::: szd, qk `m zoyheakm ih` doyos hq

ih <: AR { eo gm{ zësikimq ih zoyheakm% Qo`xakñe6 2=9,=9 E¼d> 398,22 E¼d%

Hfhdzò =:6

Ihyhsdkem `m bxhsvm ehahqmskm }xh gmcsäm }xh shm`kvms qocsh `m zhskbhskm ih xe helsmemfh 'he qheykio aoeysmsko m`

lkso+ zmsm ihyhehsò, qk hqyí aoehaymio m xe doyos }xh lksm m 7:: szd { ykheh xem zoyheakm ih 1: \% H` eödhso ih

ikheyhq hq V 4 9: { d 4 3% Qo`xakñe6 Sh 4 :,:93d> B 4 7,81 E%

Mihdíq ih` dorkdkheyo ih lkso ih` doyos, ymdckëe qh ysmeqdkyh zoyheakm, hehsläm { zms 'ymdckëe ``mdmio

dodheyo+ gmqym h` ö`ykdo ísco`%

Hfhsakako6

7¶% Qh ikqzoeh ih ioq sxhimq ak`äeiskamq hwyhskoshq% Qocsh `m sxhim aoeixayosm qh mz`kam xe zms ih 8: E¼d%

Qmckheio }xh qx smiko hq ih 38 dd { }xh hqyí he aoeymayo aoe oysm ih smiko 1: dd, ihyhsdkem `m bxhsvm }xh ihch

mz`kamsqh qocsh `m zhskbhskm ih `m sxhim aoeixakim zmsm zoihs bshems`m% Qo`xakñe6 =%222,2< E%



3;

=3%;% Msykax`makoehq

Msykax`makoehq%

Mz`kamakñe ih ̀ mq msykax`makoehq%

Zhsdkyhe ysmeqdkyks dorkdkheyoq { bxhsvmq m òq zxeyoq ioeih qh sh}xkhsh% @m dm{osäm ih h``mq bxeakoeme aodo

zm`meamq ih zskdhs lëehso%

Qhlöe h` qheykio ih` dorkdkheyo ysmeqdkykio, yhehdoq òq qklxkheyhq ykzoq ih msykax`makoehq6 ih qheykioaoeysmsko, ih klxm` qheykio { he oysm ikshaakñe%

Hfhsakakoq6

;¶% Qocsh xem msykax`makñe ih qheykio aoeysmsko qh hfhsah xem bxhsvm ih 3: E%

Qk `m ikqymeakm ih `m bxhsvm m` aheyso ih lkso 'w+ hq klxm` m 8 ad { `m ikqymeakm {

4 1 ad, amàx`m `m bxhsvm hfhsakim qocsh `m oysm msykax`makñe% Qo`xakñe6 11,11 E%

=:¶% Qxzoekheio }xh mgosm qh ikqzoelm ih xem msykax`makñe }xh zhsdkym

ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo he h` dkqdo qheykio { }xh qh hfhsvm `m dkqdm bxhsvm

he xeo ih qxq hwyshdoq, ihyhsdkem `m bxhsvm ysmeqdkykim qk `mq ioq zkhvmq }xh

lksme qocsh h` hfh ykhehe `mq dhikmq }xh qh keikamcme he h` hfhsakako meyhskos%Qo`xakñe6 3: E%



1:

=3%=:% H`hdheyoq ih axhsim o m`mdcsh

Zo`hmq%

Zo`kzmqyo ih lsöm%

Qoe h`hdheyoq dhaíekaoq {m hdz`hmioq zos `oq lskhloq% @oq díq kdzosymeyhq qoe `m zo`hm qkdz`h { `m zo`hm

aodzxhqym o zo`kzmqyo%



1=

=3%==% Aodckemakñe ih axhsimq, m`mdcshq { msykax`makoehq

Bsheo ih ckaka`hym%

Aodckemeio mihaxmimdheyh amc`hq { msykax`makoehq, qh zxhihe aoeqhlxks hbhayoq hqzhaymax`mshq, aodo hq h`amqo ih `oq bsheoq ih ckaka`hymq { aoaghq 'bsheoq ih dmeo+%



13

=3%=3% Ysmeqdkqoshq zos amihem { zos aosshm iheymim

Amihem ih ckaka`hym% Aosshm iheymim ih xe hqaíehs%

Hqyoq h`hdheyoq qoe kihm`hq zmsm ysmeqdkyks h` dorkdkheyo heysh ísco`hq o hfhq dx{ ikqymeyhq he `oq }xh qh

sh}xkhsh xem sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe aoeqymeyh% @m sh`makñe ih ysmeqdkqkñe hq hwmaymdheyh klxm` }xh zmsm `mq

zo`hmq { aosshmq h keihzheikheyh ih `m qhzmsmakñe m `m }xh qh heaxheyshe `oq hfhq o ísco`hq%



11

=3%=1% Eosdmq ih qhlxskimi { xqo ih h`hdheyoq dhaíekaoq

Dxagmq dí}xkemq keaoszosme xe dkasokeyhssxzyos he ̀ m amfm ihrhòakimihq }xh hrkym }xh qh zoelme he dmsagm axmeio qh dmehfme%

Xem ih `mq eosdmq cíqkamq zmsm }xh eo oaxssme

maakiheyhq hq eo yoams zmsyhq dñrk`hq gmqym }xh eohqyëe aodz`hymdheyh zmsmimq%

@m dm{osäm ih `mq `hlkq`makoehq keyhsemakoem`hq,

hqzhakm`dheyh `m hxsozhm, qoe dx{ hqyskaymq aoe `mq

hwklheakmq ih qhlxskimi däekdmq }xh ihche axdz`ks

yoioq òq zsoixayoq }xh qh bmcsk}xhe% Ih dmehsm

lhehsm`, gm{ }xh axdz`ks ò qklxkheyh6

▶ Yoimq `mq zmsyhq dñrk`hq ih òq zsoixayoq }xhysmeqdkyhe dorkdkheyo ykhehe }xh hqyms zsoyhlkimq%

▶ Qk `m dí}xkem hq zoyheakm`dheyh zh`klsoqm he qx

bxeakoemdkheyo { òq ozhsmskoq ihche hqyms shyksmioq,

yheisí }xh keaoszosms qkqyhdmq ih qhlxskimi }xh hrkyhe

}xh qh zoelm he dmsagm dkheysmq qh dmekzx`m%



19

=3%=9% Sheikdkheyo ih dí}xkemq

M`lxeoq bmayoshq ih ̀ oq }xh ihzheih h` sheikdkheyo%

Ihqlsmakmimdheyh, eo yoim `m zoyheakm o hehsläm }xh qh ysmeqdkyh ihqih h` doyos ``hlm m` ísco` bkem` ioeih qh

ehahqkym% Zmsyh ih h``m qh zkhsih he h` amdkeo, ihckio m sovmdkheyoq, m ihq`kvmdkheyoq { m` ikqhýo ih `oq

h`hdheyoq%



18

Hfhdzò ==6

Qh ikqzoeh ih xe shixayos ih rhòakimi aoe ioq helsmemfhq ih ikheyhq shayoq% Qmckheio }xh V = 4 1: { V3 4 2: { }xhh` ísco` K lksm m E= 4 7:: szd, ihyhsdkem `m zoyheakm }xh ``hlmsí m` ísco` KK qk h` doyos ykheh xem zoyheakm ih :,8 AR%

Imyoq6 dñixò d 43> ikídhyso ih òq ísco`hq 4 3: dd> aohbkakheyh ih sovmdkheyo ¸ 4 :,1% Qh ihqzshakm h` zhqo ih

ísco`hq { helsmemfhq%Qo`xakñe6

=¶% s z 4 :,:1dd> Sz 4 :,:2dd%

3¶% E3 4 9:: szd%

1¶% B 4 =92,33 E%

9¶% B{ 4 8:,:= E% Bw 4 =1<,9: E%

8¶% D= 4 7,39 E¼d

2¶% D3 4 :,=8 E¼d

<¶% DY 4 D= ‑ D3 4 7,:; E¼d

7¶% Z3 4 :,92 AR%

Elementos mecánicos transmisores de movimiento

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