Química_Estado Solido_aula_2b

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    2, Ftlv}bkagtbclb Dvlfb

    @k`e`h}av m` Vle`}tlb

    ]`atlb mav gtp~av eb}`e}lfav

    Gtp~av ah}pblv

    Ftlv}bk lm`bk t`bk

    Fahf`l}a m` f`kb phl}tlb t`m`

    ftlv}bklhb

    Fkbvvlclfba mbv f`kbv phl}tlbv

    Vlv}`ebv ftlv}bklhav

    F`kbv m` Dtbsblv

    T`m`v ~`tlmlfbv

    ^kbhav t`}lfpkbt`v hmlf`v m`

    Elkk`t

    Mlv}hflbv lh}`t~kbhbt`v

    Vle`}tlb }tbhvkbflahbk e ftlv}blv

    Ha}ba m` O`tebhh%Ebpgpl

    Gtp~av @v~bflblv

    ^avl`v rplsbk`h}`v v~`flblv

    ]bd`kbv Lh}`thbflahblv

    CPHMBE@H]AV M@ RPELFB MA@V]BMA VKLMA

    M@CLHL@V:

    EAHAFTLV]BK FTLV]BK ^@TC@L]A 5 FTLV]BK LM@BK:

    % CATEBMA ^AT ]AEAV /^BT]FPKBV, RP@ CATEBE PEBTBHJA DVLFA RP@ V@ T@^@]@ ^@TLMLFBE@H]@ HBV]TV MLE@HV@V(

    % HA VA ADV@TSBMAV M@C@L]AV M@ T@M@ RP@ BK]@T@EB ]TL^KLF@ ^@TLAMLFLMBM@(

    % ^AM@E V@T M@VFTL]AV EB]@E]LFBE@H]@ EBV HA]@E FAEA @_LV]LT CLVLFBE@H]@(

    EAHAFTLV]BK T@BK:

    % VA ADV@TSBMAV M@C@L]AV @V]TP]PTBLV RP@ ^TASAFBE^@RP@HBV CBKOBV HB @TLAMLFLMBM@ MB T@M@(

    % @_(: F@T]BV BT]FPKBV @V]A BPV@H]@V+ HA VA ADV@TSBMBVHBV AVL@V @V^@TBMBV% VA M@HAELHBMBV KBFPHBV

    %

    % / M@ PEB EBH@LTB G@TBK BV KBFPHBV MA ATLG@E B PEB HA%@V]@RPLAE@]TLB MB FAE^AVLA,(

    GTBP M@ FTLV]BKLHLMBM@: ^AM@ V@T FAHVLM@TBMA FAEA PEB E@MLMB MB^@TC@LA MB T@M@ ^@TLMLFB(

    % VKLMAV AKLFTLV]BKLHAV: CATEBMA AT F@H]@HBV M@ @RP@HAVFTLV]BLV(

    % @_(: B DBTTB M@ PE E@]BK FTLV]BKLHB+ EBV G@TBKE@H]@CATEBMB AT @RP@HAV FTLV]BLV LHMLSLMPBLV(

    % AP]TA @_@E^KA VA AV EB]@TLBLV F@TELFAV(

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    T@M@V ^@TLMLFBV F@KB PHL]TLB

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    T@M@V ]TLMLE@HVLAHBLV

    VLV]@EBV FTLV]BKLHAV

    VLV]@EBV FTLV]BKLHAV

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    ^AVL@V MAV ]AEAV:

    ^ fkpkb phl}tlb ~tlel}lsb+ ap vle~k`v+ ahm` } amav av ~ah}avt`}lfpkbt`v `v}a kafbklzbmav hav st}lf`v ma ~btbk`k`~~`ma rp`fahv}l}pl b fkpkb9

    C fkpkb phl}tlb f`h}tbmb hbv cbf`v+ b~t`v`h}bhma ~ah}avt`}lfpkbt`v hbv cbf`v ~btb bke mav kafbklzbmav hav st}lf`v(Rpbhma b~t`v`h}be vae`h}` ~ah}av t`}lfpkbt`v hbv dbv`v vam`vlghbmbv ~`kbv k`}tbv B+ D ap F + v`gphma bv cbf`v rp`fah}e av ~ah}av t`}lfpkbt`v9

    L fkpkb phl}tlb f`h}tbmb ha fat~a }`hma+ ~btb bke mav~ah}av rp` m`}`telhbe av st}lf`v+ pe ~ah}a t`}lfpkbt ha f`h}tamb fkpkb(

    T fkpkb phl}tlb ~tlel}lsb fae `lxav lgpblv ` hgpkav lgpblv+ap o`xbgahbk+ }`hma+ ~btb bke mav ~ah}av rp` m`}`telhbe avst}lf`v+ ~ah}av mp~kbe`h}` f`h}tbmav ha fat~a(

    ^TLEL]LSB: /^,

    CBF@ F@H]TBMB: /C,

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    FAT^A F@H]TBMA: /L,

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    Hav fbvav m` `v}tp}ptb eblv vle~k`v+ fbmb~ah}a mb t`m` fatt`v~ahm` b pe }aea apah( ^ate `e `v}tp}ptbv eblv fae~klfbmbv+faea eb}`tlblv f`telfav ` fae~av}av+f`h}`hbv m` }aeav ~am`e `v}bt bvvaflbmavb fbmb ~ah}a mb t`m` catebhma fkpkbvphl}tlbv `x}t`ebe`h}` fae~k xbv+ bv rpblv~am`e v`t fbtbf}`tlzbmbv pvbhma avv`gplh}`v ~bte }tav:

    ^bte`}ta mb t`m` ~avvs`k m`}`telhbt a sbkat ma~bte`}ta mb t`m` /fae~tle`h}a mav kbmav mb fkpkb phl}tlb,9

    He ta m` faatm`hba a he ta m` }aeav rp `h}tbe`e fah}bf}a fae pe }aea `e ~bt}lfpkbt+ ap a he`ta m`}aeav mb slzlhobhb `v}tl}b( A exlea 24+ fatt v~ahm`h}` b24 }aeav `e slzlhobhb mlt f}b9

    Cbf}at m` `e~bfa}be`h}a ctba ma `v~ba mb fkpkbphl }tlb afp~bmb ~at }aeav+ vp~ahma rp `v} v va `vc tbvvklmbv( A cb}at m` `e~bfa}be`h}a ~am` v`t `x~t`vva ~at:

    c 5 /}aeav ~at fkpkb, x /sakpe` }aea, ! /sakpe` mb fkpkb,

    M`hvlmbm` }`tlfb b ~bt}lt mbv fbtbf} tv}lfbv mb t`m + ~amad} t%v b m`hvlmbm` }`tlfb e`mlbh} b v`gplh} `x~t`vva:

    m 5 /}aeav ~at fkpkb, x /ebvvb b}elfb, ! /He`ta m`Bsagtbma, x /sakpe` mb fkpkb,(

    FAEA VBD@T B ^AVLA MAV ]AEAV @EVKLMAV1

    MLCTBA:

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    ^KBHAV HA T@]FPKA ^@TLMLFA

    ^KBHAV T@]LFPKBT@V

    M@CLHL@V

    o+ i+ k : va av lhmlf v Elkk t

    b+ d+ f : va bv mle`hv`v mb f kb phl}tlb

    + + : va av bhgpkav `h}t` bv mlt` vmb t`m`

    B fae~k`xlmbm` mav ffpkav m`~`hm` mbvle }tlb ma vlv}`eb ftlv}bklha(

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    CATEPKBV

    @V]TP]PTBV FDLFBV

    VLE@]TLB @E FTLV]BLV

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    F@H]TA M@ LHS@TVA

    @L_A @E ^BTBCPVA /h~,@lxa m` atm`e 5 h

    }tbhvkba 5 ~!h

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    @L_A @E ^BTBCPVA

    @L_A @E ^BTBCPVA

    @L_A @E ^BTBCPVA M@ ATM@E 4

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    @L_A LE^T^TLA

    ^KBHA M@ M@VKLVBE@H]A

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    GTP^AV ^KBHBT@V

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