06-Glucidos
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Transcript of 06-Glucidos
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Biomoléculas OrgánicasBiomoléculas Orgánicas
• Compuestos con moléculas grandes y
complejas con enlaces carbono - carbono.
• Presentan enlaces covalente.
• Ejemplo: glúcidos, lípidos, proteínas y ácidos
nucleídos.
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GLÚCIDOSGLÚCIDOS
• Son aldehídos o cetonas polihidroxilados.
(Carbohidratos, Hidratos de carbono, Azucares)
• Su formula general es (CH2O)n
• Mayormente solubles en agua.
• Libera 4 Kcal g.
Funciones:
1. Energética: Glucosa
2. Estructural: Celulosa
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Los Glúcidos se clasifican
en:
•Monosacáridos
•Oligosacáridos
•Polisacáridos
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MonosacáridosMonosacáridos
• Son azucares simples muy solubles en el agua.• La presencia del grupo funcional aldehído o
cetona explica su poder reductor.
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• Si los monosacáridos se disuelven en agua, o si
forman parte de los disacáridos o polisacáridos,
el grupo carbonilo Rx. con el grupo OH del C-4 ,
en las aldopentosas, formándose un: Hemiacetal
(alcohol y un aldehído) Hemicetal (alcohol y una
cetona) y la molécula forma un ciclo.
Forma Cíclicas de los Monosacaridos
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O O
Aldohexosa de estructura cíclica de 6 miembros
(piranosa), y de 5 miembros (furanosa).
Pirano Furano
Piranosas y Furanosas
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Hexosas
• Glucosa.
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• Fructosa.
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• Galactosa.
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• N acetil glucosamina.
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Pentosas
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Carbono Quiral
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Actividad ÓpticaPolarimetría
El polarímetro es el equipo que permite determinar
el ángulo que una sustancia desvía el plano de la
luz polarizada.
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Oligosacáridos
• Glúcidos formado por un pequeño numero de
azucares simples.
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Sacarosa = Glucosa + Fructosa
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Maltosa = Glucosa + Glucosa
Lactosa = Glucosa + Galactosa
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PoPolisacáridosáridos
• Contienen un gran
número de azucares
simples unidos por
enlaces glucosidicos, de
elevado peso molecular,
insolubles en agua.
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HomopolisacáridosHomopolisacáridos
Almidón (amilopectina)
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La molécula de almidón adopta una disposición en hélice, dando una vuelta por cada 6 moléculas de glucosa, además,cada 12 glucosas, presenta ramificaciones por uniones 1 6. El almidón se reconoce fácilmente por teñirse de violeta con disoluciones de Yodo (Lugol). Se encuentra en abundancia en las semillas de los cereales y en el tuberculo de la papa
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Almidón
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GlucógenoGlucógeno
Representación esquemática de una molécula de glucógeno.
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Quitina
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PeptidoglicanoPeptidoglicano
La pared de las bacterias
están formados por
polisacáridos asociados a
cadenas peptidicas.
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• También llamados Mucopolisacáridos.• Contienen dímero (N – acetil glucosamina y
acidos glucorónico) que se repiten.• Con frecuencia se unen a proteínas.• Ejemplos:
Ácido Hialurònico: liquido sinovial.
Sulfato de Condroitina: (dímero y ac. Sulfúrico) hueso, cartílago.
HeteropolisacáridosHeteropolisacáridos
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